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+#!/usr/bin/env python
+#
+# Copyright 2010 Facebook
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
+# not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
+# a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+# WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+# License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+"""`StackContext` allows applications to maintain threadlocal-like state
+that follows execution as it moves to other execution contexts.
+
+The motivating examples are to eliminate the need for explicit
+``async_callback`` wrappers (as in `tornado.web.RequestHandler`), and to
+allow some additional context to be kept for logging.
+
+This is slightly magic, but it's an extension of the idea that an
+exception handler is a kind of stack-local state and when that stack
+is suspended and resumed in a new context that state needs to be
+preserved. `StackContext` shifts the burden of restoring that state
+from each call site (e.g. wrapping each `.AsyncHTTPClient` callback
+in ``async_callback``) to the mechanisms that transfer control from
+one context to another (e.g. `.AsyncHTTPClient` itself, `.IOLoop`,
+thread pools, etc).
+
+Example usage::
+
+ @contextlib.contextmanager
+ def die_on_error():
+ try:
+ yield
+ except Exception:
+ logging.error("exception in asynchronous operation",exc_info=True)
+ sys.exit(1)
+
+ with StackContext(die_on_error):
+ # Any exception thrown here *or in callback and its desendents*
+ # will cause the process to exit instead of spinning endlessly
+ # in the ioloop.
+ http_client.fetch(url, callback)
+ ioloop.start()
+
+Most applications shouln't have to work with `StackContext` directly.
+Here are a few rules of thumb for when it's necessary:
+
+* If you're writing an asynchronous library that doesn't rely on a
+ stack_context-aware library like `tornado.ioloop` or `tornado.iostream`
+ (for example, if you're writing a thread pool), use
+ `.stack_context.wrap()` before any asynchronous operations to capture the
+ stack context from where the operation was started.
+
+* If you're writing an asynchronous library that has some shared
+ resources (such as a connection pool), create those shared resources
+ within a ``with stack_context.NullContext():`` block. This will prevent
+ ``StackContexts`` from leaking from one request to another.
+
+* If you want to write something like an exception handler that will
+ persist across asynchronous calls, create a new `StackContext` (or
+ `ExceptionStackContext`), and make your asynchronous calls in a ``with``
+ block that references your `StackContext`.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, with_statement
+
+import sys
+import threading
+
+from .util import raise_exc_info
+
+
+class StackContextInconsistentError(Exception):
+ pass
+
+
+class _State(threading.local):
+ def __init__(self):
+ self.contexts = (tuple(), None)
+_state = _State()
+
+
+class StackContext(object):
+ """Establishes the given context as a StackContext that will be transferred.
+
+ Note that the parameter is a callable that returns a context
+ manager, not the context itself. That is, where for a
+ non-transferable context manager you would say::
+
+ with my_context():
+
+ StackContext takes the function itself rather than its result::
+
+ with StackContext(my_context):
+
+ The result of ``with StackContext() as cb:`` is a deactivation
+ callback. Run this callback when the StackContext is no longer
+ needed to ensure that it is not propagated any further (note that
+ deactivating a context does not affect any instances of that
+ context that are currently pending). This is an advanced feature
+ and not necessary in most applications.
+ """
+ def __init__(self, context_factory):
+ self.context_factory = context_factory
+ self.contexts = []
+ self.active = True
+
+ def _deactivate(self):
+ self.active = False
+
+ # StackContext protocol
+ def enter(self):
+ context = self.context_factory()
+ self.contexts.append(context)
+ context.__enter__()
+
+ def exit(self, type, value, traceback):
+ context = self.contexts.pop()
+ context.__exit__(type, value, traceback)
+
+ # Note that some of this code is duplicated in ExceptionStackContext
+ # below. ExceptionStackContext is more common and doesn't need
+ # the full generality of this class.
+ def __enter__(self):
+ self.old_contexts = _state.contexts
+ self.new_contexts = (self.old_contexts[0] + (self,), self)
+ _state.contexts = self.new_contexts
+
+ try:
+ self.enter()
+ except:
+ _state.contexts = self.old_contexts
+ raise
+
+ return self._deactivate
+
+ def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+ try:
+ self.exit(type, value, traceback)
+ finally:
+ final_contexts = _state.contexts
+ _state.contexts = self.old_contexts
+
+ # Generator coroutines and with-statements with non-local
+ # effects interact badly. Check here for signs of
+ # the stack getting out of sync.
+ # Note that this check comes after restoring _state.context
+ # so that if it fails things are left in a (relatively)
+ # consistent state.
+ if final_contexts is not self.new_contexts:
+ raise StackContextInconsistentError(
+ 'stack_context inconsistency (may be caused by yield '
+ 'within a "with StackContext" block)')
+
+ # Break up a reference to itself to allow for faster GC on CPython.
+ self.new_contexts = None
+
+
+class ExceptionStackContext(object):
+ """Specialization of StackContext for exception handling.
+
+ The supplied ``exception_handler`` function will be called in the
+ event of an uncaught exception in this context. The semantics are
+ similar to a try/finally clause, and intended use cases are to log
+ an error, close a socket, or similar cleanup actions. The
+ ``exc_info`` triple ``(type, value, traceback)`` will be passed to the
+ exception_handler function.
+
+ If the exception handler returns true, the exception will be
+ consumed and will not be propagated to other exception handlers.
+ """
+ def __init__(self, exception_handler):
+ self.exception_handler = exception_handler
+ self.active = True
+
+ def _deactivate(self):
+ self.active = False
+
+ def exit(self, type, value, traceback):
+ if type is not None:
+ return self.exception_handler(type, value, traceback)
+
+ def __enter__(self):
+ self.old_contexts = _state.contexts
+ self.new_contexts = (self.old_contexts[0], self)
+ _state.contexts = self.new_contexts
+
+ return self._deactivate
+
+ def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+ try:
+ if type is not None:
+ return self.exception_handler(type, value, traceback)
+ finally:
+ final_contexts = _state.contexts
+ _state.contexts = self.old_contexts
+
+ if final_contexts is not self.new_contexts:
+ raise StackContextInconsistentError(
+ 'stack_context inconsistency (may be caused by yield '
+ 'within a "with StackContext" block)')
+
+ # Break up a reference to itself to allow for faster GC on CPython.
+ self.new_contexts = None
+
+
+class NullContext(object):
+ """Resets the `StackContext`.
+
+ Useful when creating a shared resource on demand (e.g. an
+ `.AsyncHTTPClient`) where the stack that caused the creating is
+ not relevant to future operations.
+ """
+ def __enter__(self):
+ self.old_contexts = _state.contexts
+ _state.contexts = (tuple(), None)
+
+ def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+ _state.contexts = self.old_contexts
+
+
+def _remove_deactivated(contexts):
+ """Remove deactivated handlers from the chain"""
+ # Clean ctx handlers
+ stack_contexts = tuple([h for h in contexts[0] if h.active])
+
+ # Find new head
+ head = contexts[1]
+ while head is not None and not head.active:
+ head = head.old_contexts[1]
+
+ # Process chain
+ ctx = head
+ while ctx is not None:
+ parent = ctx.old_contexts[1]
+
+ while parent is not None:
+ if parent.active:
+ break
+ ctx.old_contexts = parent.old_contexts
+ parent = parent.old_contexts[1]
+
+ ctx = parent
+
+ return (stack_contexts, head)
+
+
+def wrap(fn):
+ """Returns a callable object that will restore the current `StackContext`
+ when executed.
+
+ Use this whenever saving a callback to be executed later in a
+ different execution context (either in a different thread or
+ asynchronously in the same thread).
+ """
+ # Check if function is already wrapped
+ if fn is None or hasattr(fn, '_wrapped'):
+ return fn
+
+ # Capture current stack head
+ # TODO: Any other better way to store contexts and update them in wrapped function?
+ cap_contexts = [_state.contexts]
+
+ def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
+ ret = None
+ try:
+ # Capture old state
+ current_state = _state.contexts
+
+ # Remove deactivated items
+ cap_contexts[0] = contexts = _remove_deactivated(cap_contexts[0])
+
+ # Force new state
+ _state.contexts = contexts
+
+ # Current exception
+ exc = (None, None, None)
+ top = None
+
+ # Apply stack contexts
+ last_ctx = 0
+ stack = contexts[0]
+
+ # Apply state
+ for n in stack:
+ try:
+ n.enter()
+ last_ctx += 1
+ except:
+ # Exception happened. Record exception info and store top-most handler
+ exc = sys.exc_info()
+ top = n.old_contexts[1]
+
+ # Execute callback if no exception happened while restoring state
+ if top is None:
+ try:
+ ret = fn(*args, **kwargs)
+ except:
+ exc = sys.exc_info()
+ top = contexts[1]
+
+ # If there was exception, try to handle it by going through the exception chain
+ if top is not None:
+ exc = _handle_exception(top, exc)
+ else:
+ # Otherwise take shorter path and run stack contexts in reverse order
+ while last_ctx > 0:
+ last_ctx -= 1
+ c = stack[last_ctx]
+
+ try:
+ c.exit(*exc)
+ except:
+ exc = sys.exc_info()
+ top = c.old_contexts[1]
+ break
+ else:
+ top = None
+
+ # If if exception happened while unrolling, take longer exception handler path
+ if top is not None:
+ exc = _handle_exception(top, exc)
+
+ # If exception was not handled, raise it
+ if exc != (None, None, None):
+ raise_exc_info(exc)
+ finally:
+ _state.contexts = current_state
+ return ret
+
+ wrapped._wrapped = True
+ return wrapped
+
+
+def _handle_exception(tail, exc):
+ while tail is not None:
+ try:
+ if tail.exit(*exc):
+ exc = (None, None, None)
+ except:
+ exc = sys.exc_info()
+
+ tail = tail.old_contexts[1]
+
+ return exc
+
+
+def run_with_stack_context(context, func):
+ """Run a coroutine ``func`` in the given `StackContext`.
+
+ It is not safe to have a ``yield`` statement within a ``with StackContext``
+ block, so it is difficult to use stack context with `.gen.coroutine`.
+ This helper function runs the function in the correct context while
+ keeping the ``yield`` and ``with`` statements syntactically separate.
+
+ Example::
+
+ @gen.coroutine
+ def incorrect():
+ with StackContext(ctx):
+ # ERROR: this will raise StackContextInconsistentError
+ yield other_coroutine()
+
+ @gen.coroutine
+ def correct():
+ yield run_with_stack_context(StackContext(ctx), other_coroutine)
+
+ .. versionadded:: 3.1
+ """
+ with context:
+ return func()