tests: python3 use byte strings in raw()

Raw('\xaf) and Raw(b'\xaf) are two quite different things in python 2 versus 3.
In most cases this didn't make a difference, apart from those cases where length
of payload actually mattered.

Type: fix
Signed-off-by: Ole Troan <ot@cisco.com>
Change-Id: I3cba5c1486e436a3ca8aa10a7b393da75aa9f6b9

13 files changed, 69 insertions, 69 deletions

diff --git a/test/test_bfd.py b/test/test_bfd.py
index 7d529767d16..c8bda736b5e 100644
--- a/test/test_bfd.py
+++ b/test/test_bfd.py
@@ -1755,11 +1755,11 @@ class BFDFIBTestCase(VppTestCase):
         p = [(Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac, src=self.pg0.remote_mac) /
               IPv6(src="3001::1", dst="2001::1") /
               UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-              Raw('\xa5' * 100)),
+              Raw(b'\xa5' * 100)),
              (Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac, src=self.pg0.remote_mac) /
               IPv6(src="3001::1", dst="2002::1") /
               UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-              Raw('\xa5' * 100))]
+              Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))]
 
         # A recursive and a non-recursive route via a next-hop that
         # will have a BFD session
@@ -1884,7 +1884,7 @@ class BFDTunTestCase(VppTestCase):
         p = [(Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac, src=self.pg0.remote_mac) /
               IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=gre_if.remote_ip4) /
               UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-              Raw('\xa5' * 100))]
+              Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))]
 
         # session is up - traffic passes
         bfd_session_up(self)
diff --git a/test/test_dvr.py b/test/test_dvr.py
index d9bb7ac711f..d5ffd3b1577 100644
--- a/test/test_dvr.py
+++ b/test/test_dvr.py
@@ -75,13 +75,13 @@ class TestDVR(VppTestCase):
                       IP(src=any_src_addr,
                          dst=ip_non_tag_bridged) /
                       UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                      Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                      Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
         pkt_tag = (Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac,
                          dst=self.loop0.local_mac) /
                    IP(src=any_src_addr,
                       dst=ip_tag_bridged) /
                    UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                   Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                   Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         #
         # Two sub-interfaces so we can test VLAN tag push/pop
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class TestDVR(VppTestCase):
                           IP(src=any_src_addr,
                              dst=ip_tag_bridged) /
                           UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                          Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                          Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         rx = self.send_and_expect(self.pg2,
                                   pkt_tag_to_tag * NUM_PKTS,
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ class TestDVR(VppTestCase):
                               IP(src=any_src_addr,
                                  dst=ip_non_tag_bridged) /
                               UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                              Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                              Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         rx = self.send_and_expect(self.pg2,
                                   pkt_tag_to_non_tag * NUM_PKTS,
@@ -270,33 +270,33 @@ class TestDVR(VppTestCase):
                       IP(src="2.2.2.2",
                          dst="1.1.1.1") /
                       UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                      Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                      Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
         pkt_to_tag = (Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac,
                             dst=self.pg2.remote_mac) /
                       IP(src="2.2.2.2",
                          dst="1.1.1.2") /
                       UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                      Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                      Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
         pkt_from_tag = (Ether(src=self.pg3.remote_mac,
                               dst=self.pg2.remote_mac) /
                         Dot1Q(vlan=93) /
                         IP(src="2.2.2.2",
                            dst="1.1.1.1") /
                         UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                        Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                        Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
         pkt_from_to_tag = (Ether(src=self.pg3.remote_mac,
                                  dst=self.pg2.remote_mac) /
                            Dot1Q(vlan=93) /
                            IP(src="2.2.2.2",
                               dst="1.1.1.2") /
                            UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                           Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                           Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
         pkt_bcast = (Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac,
                            dst="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff") /
                      IP(src="2.2.2.2",
                         dst="255.255.255.255") /
                      UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                     Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                     Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         #
         # A couple of sub-interfaces for tags
diff --git a/test/test_ip6.py b/test/test_ip6.py
index f5ed09f6683..4cd0828127d 100644
--- a/test/test_ip6.py
+++ b/test/test_ip6.py
@@ -1469,7 +1469,7 @@ class IPv6NDProxyTest(TestIPv6ND):
              IPv6(dst=self.pg0._remote_hosts[2].ip6,
                   src=self.pg0.remote_ip6) /
              inet6.UDP(sport=10000, dport=20000) /
-             Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+             Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         self.pg0.add_stream(t)
         self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
@@ -1531,7 +1531,7 @@ class IPv6NDProxyTest(TestIPv6ND):
               IPv6(dst=self.pg0._remote_hosts[2].ip6,
                    src=self.pg0._remote_hosts[3].ip6) /
               inet6.UDP(sport=10000, dport=20000) /
-              Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+              Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         self.pg2.add_stream(t2)
         self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
@@ -1619,7 +1619,7 @@ class TestIPNull(VppTestCase):
                    dst=self.pg0.local_mac) /
              IPv6(src=self.pg0.remote_ip6, dst="2001::1") /
              inet6.UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-             Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+             Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         #
         # A route via IP NULL that will reply with ICMP unreachables
@@ -1718,12 +1718,12 @@ class TestIPDisabled(VppTestCase):
                     dst=self.pg1.local_mac) /
               IPv6(src="2001::1", dst=self.pg0.remote_ip6) /
               inet6.UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-              Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+              Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
         pm = (Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac,
                     dst=self.pg1.local_mac) /
               IPv6(src="2001::1", dst="ffef::1") /
               inet6.UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-              Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+              Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         #
         # PG1 does not forward IP traffic
@@ -1834,7 +1834,7 @@ class TestIP6LoadBalance(VppTestCase):
             port_ip_hdr = (
                 IPv6(dst="3000::1", src="3000:1::1") /
                 inet6.UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234 + ii) /
-                Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
             port_ip_pkts.append((Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac,
                                        dst=self.pg0.local_mac) /
                                  port_ip_hdr))
@@ -1856,7 +1856,7 @@ class TestIP6LoadBalance(VppTestCase):
             src_ip_hdr = (
                 IPv6(dst="3000::1", src="3000:1::%d" % ii) /
                 inet6.UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
             src_ip_pkts.append((Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac,
                                       dst=self.pg0.local_mac) /
                                 src_ip_hdr))
@@ -1954,13 +1954,13 @@ class TestIP6LoadBalance(VppTestCase):
                                    src="4000:1::1") /
                               inet6.UDP(sport=1234,
                                         dport=1234 + ii) /
-                              Raw('\xa5' * 100)))
+                              Raw(b'\xa5' * 100)))
             src_pkts.append((Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac,
                                    dst=self.pg0.local_mac) /
                              IPv6(dst="4000::1",
                                   src="4000:1::%d" % ii) /
                              inet6.UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                             Raw('\xa5' * 100)))
+                             Raw(b'\xa5' * 100)))
 
         route_3000_2 = VppIpRoute(self, "3000::2", 128,
                                   [VppRoutePath(self.pg3.remote_ip6,
@@ -2000,7 +2000,7 @@ class TestIP6LoadBalance(VppTestCase):
                                    src="6000:1::1") /
                               inet6.UDP(sport=1234,
                                         dport=1234 + ii) /
-                              Raw('\xa5' * 100)))
+                              Raw(b'\xa5' * 100)))
 
         route_5000_2 = VppIpRoute(self, "5000::2", 128,
                                   [VppRoutePath(self.pg3.remote_ip6,
@@ -2054,7 +2054,7 @@ class TestIP6Punt(VppTestCase):
              IPv6(src=self.pg0.remote_ip6,
                   dst=self.pg0.local_ip6) /
              inet6.TCP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-             Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+             Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         pkts = p * 1025
 
@@ -2221,12 +2221,12 @@ class TestIPDeag(VppTestCase):
                        dst=self.pg0.local_mac) /
                  IPv6(src="5::5", dst="1::1") /
                  inet6.TCP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                 Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                 Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
         p_src = (Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac,
                        dst=self.pg0.local_mac) /
                  IPv6(src="2::2", dst="1::2") /
                  inet6.TCP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                 Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                 Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
         pkts_dst = p_dst * 257
         pkts_src = p_src * 257
 
@@ -2268,7 +2268,7 @@ class TestIPDeag(VppTestCase):
                      dst=self.pg0.local_mac) /
                IPv6(src="3::4", dst="3::3") /
                inet6.TCP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-               Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+               Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         self.send_and_assert_no_replies(self.pg0, p_l * 257,
                                         "IP lookup loop")
@@ -2312,7 +2312,7 @@ class TestIP6Input(VppTestCase):
                           dst=self.pg1.remote_ip6,
                           hlim=1) /
                      inet6.UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                     Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                     Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         rx = self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p_version * NUM_PKTS, self.pg0)
         rx = rx[0]
@@ -2351,7 +2351,7 @@ class TestIP6Input(VppTestCase):
                           dst=dst or self.pg1.remote_ip6,
                           version=3) /
                      l4 /
-                     Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                     Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         self.send_and_assert_no_replies(self.pg0, p_version * NUM_PKTS,
                                         remark=msg or "",
@@ -2365,7 +2365,7 @@ class TestIP6Input(VppTestCase):
              IPv6(src=self.pg0.remote_ip6, dst=self.pg0.local_ip6) /
              IPv6ExtHdrHopByHop() /
              inet6.UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-             Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+             Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         self.pg0.add_stream(p)
         self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
diff --git a/test/test_ip_mcast.py b/test/test_ip_mcast.py
index f7a50825d81..d7a8238e35b 100644
--- a/test/test_ip_mcast.py
+++ b/test/test_ip_mcast.py
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class TestIPMcast(VppTestCase):
              UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234))
         if not payload_size:
             payload_size = 64 - len(p)
-            p = p / Raw('\xa5' * payload_size)
+            p = p / Raw(b'\xa5' * payload_size)
 
         for i in range(0, N_PKTS_IN_STREAM):
             pkts.append(p)
@@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ class TestIPMcast(VppTestCase):
               GRE() /
               IP(src="1.1.1.1", dst="232.2.2.2") /
               UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-              Raw('\a5' * 64)) * 63
+              Raw(b'\a5' * 64)) * 63
 
         self.vapi.cli("clear trace")
         self.pg1.add_stream(tx)
diff --git a/test/test_ipsec_tun_if_esp.py b/test/test_ipsec_tun_if_esp.py
index 971ec79fd67..b61e0ef5a62 100644
--- a/test/test_ipsec_tun_if_esp.py
+++ b/test/test_ipsec_tun_if_esp.py
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ class TestIpsecGreTebIfEsp(TemplateIpsec,
                            Ether(dst=self.omac) /
                            IP(src="1.1.1.1", dst="1.1.1.2") /
                            UDP(sport=1144, dport=2233) /
-                           Raw('X' * payload_size))
+                           Raw(b'X' * payload_size))
                 for i in range(count)]
 
     def gen_pkts(self, sw_intf, src, dst, count=1,
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ class TestIpsecGreTebIfEsp(TemplateIpsec,
         return [Ether(dst=self.omac) /
                 IP(src="1.1.1.1", dst="1.1.1.2") /
                 UDP(sport=1144, dport=2233) /
-                Raw('X' * payload_size)
+                Raw(b'X' * payload_size)
                 for i in range(count)]
 
     def verify_decrypted(self, p, rxs):
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ class TestIpsecGreIfEsp(TemplateIpsec,
                            IP(src=self.pg1.local_ip4,
                               dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4) /
                            UDP(sport=1144, dport=2233) /
-                           Raw('X' * payload_size))
+                           Raw(b'X' * payload_size))
                 for i in range(count)]
 
     def gen_pkts(self, sw_intf, src, dst, count=1,
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ class TestIpsecGreIfEsp(TemplateIpsec,
         return [Ether(src=sw_intf.remote_mac, dst=sw_intf.local_mac) /
                 IP(src="1.1.1.1", dst="1.1.1.2") /
                 UDP(sport=1144, dport=2233) /
-                Raw('X' * payload_size)
+                Raw(b'X' * payload_size)
                 for i in range(count)]
 
     def verify_decrypted(self, p, rxs):
@@ -935,7 +935,7 @@ class TestIpsec4TunProtectTun(TemplateIpsec,
                               dst=sw_intf.local_ip4) /
                            IP(src=src, dst=dst) /
                            UDP(sport=1144, dport=2233) /
-                           Raw('X' * payload_size))
+                           Raw(b'X' * payload_size))
                 for i in range(count)]
 
     def gen_pkts(self, sw_intf, src, dst, count=1,
@@ -943,7 +943,7 @@ class TestIpsec4TunProtectTun(TemplateIpsec,
         return [Ether(src=sw_intf.remote_mac, dst=sw_intf.local_mac) /
                 IP(src=src, dst=dst) /
                 UDP(sport=1144, dport=2233) /
-                Raw('X' * payload_size)
+                Raw(b'X' * payload_size)
                 for i in range(count)]
 
     def verify_decrypted(self, p, rxs):
@@ -1230,7 +1230,7 @@ class TestIpsec6TunProtectTun(TemplateIpsec,
                                 dst=sw_intf.local_ip6) /
                            IPv6(src=src, dst=dst) /
                            UDP(sport=1166, dport=2233) /
-                           Raw('X' * payload_size))
+                           Raw(b'X' * payload_size))
                 for i in range(count)]
 
     def gen_pkts6(self, sw_intf, src, dst, count=1,
@@ -1238,7 +1238,7 @@ class TestIpsec6TunProtectTun(TemplateIpsec,
         return [Ether(src=sw_intf.remote_mac, dst=sw_intf.local_mac) /
                 IPv6(src=src, dst=dst) /
                 UDP(sport=1166, dport=2233) /
-                Raw('X' * payload_size)
+                Raw(b'X' * payload_size)
                 for i in range(count)]
 
     def verify_decrypted6(self, p, rxs):
diff --git a/test/test_l2_flood.py b/test/test_l2_flood.py
index f4d1c07c62c..7f3c57a399d 100644
--- a/test/test_l2_flood.py
+++ b/test/test_l2_flood.py
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class TestL2Flood(VppTestCase):
                    src="00:00:de:ad:be:ef") /
              IP(src="10.10.10.10", dst="1.1.1.1") /
              UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-             Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+             Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         #
         # input on pg0 expect copies on pg1->11
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ class TestL2Flood(VppTestCase):
                    src="00:00:de:ad:be:ef") /
              IP(src="10.10.10.10", dst="1.1.1.1") /
              UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-             Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+             Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         #
         # input on pg0 expect copies on pg1
@@ -217,12 +217,12 @@ class TestL2Flood(VppTestCase):
                       src="00:00:de:ad:be:ef") /
                 IP(src="10.10.10.10", dst="1.1.1.1") /
                 UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
         p_bm = (Ether(dst="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff",
                       src="00:00:de:ad:be:ef") /
                 IP(src="10.10.10.10", dst="1.1.1.1") /
                 UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         #
         # input on pg0, expected copies on pg1->4
diff --git a/test/test_mpls.py b/test/test_mpls.py
index f7f634d60bf..ebeea5fb367 100644
--- a/test/test_mpls.py
+++ b/test/test_mpls.py
@@ -1547,7 +1547,7 @@ class TestMPLSDisabled(VppTestCase):
               MPLS(label=32, ttl=64) /
               IPv6(src="2001::1", dst=self.pg0.remote_ip6) /
               UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-              Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+              Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         #
         # A simple MPLS xconnect - eos label in label out
@@ -1703,7 +1703,7 @@ class TestMPLSPIC(VppTestCase):
                               src=self.pg2.remote_mac) /
                         IP(src=self.pg2.remote_ip4, dst=dst) /
                         UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                        Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                        Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         #
         # Send the packet stream (one pkt to each VPN route)
@@ -1825,7 +1825,7 @@ class TestMPLSPIC(VppTestCase):
                         MPLS(label=local_label, ttl=64) /
                         IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=dst) /
                         UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                        Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                        Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         #
         # Send the packet stream (one pkt to each VPN route)
@@ -1947,7 +1947,7 @@ class TestMPLSPIC(VppTestCase):
                         MPLS(label=local_label, ttl=64) /
                         IPv6(src=self.pg0.remote_ip6, dst=dst) /
                         UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                        Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                        Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
             self.logger.info(self.vapi.cli("sh ip6 fib %s" % dst))
 
         self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
@@ -2130,7 +2130,7 @@ class TestMPLSL2(VppTestCase):
                        src="00:00:de:ad:be:ef") /
                  IP(src="10.10.10.10", dst="11.11.11.11") /
                  UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                 Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                 Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         tx0 = pcore * NUM_PKTS
         rx0 = self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, tx0, self.pg1)
@@ -2215,12 +2215,12 @@ class TestMPLSL2(VppTestCase):
                          src="00:00:de:ad:be:ef") /
                    IP(src="10.10.10.10", dst="11.11.11.11") /
                    UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                   Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                   Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
         p_cust2 = (Ether(dst="00:00:de:ad:ba:b2",
                          src="00:00:de:ad:be:ef") /
                    IP(src="10.10.10.10", dst="11.11.11.12") /
                    UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                   Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                   Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
         p_core1 = (Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac,
                          src=self.pg0.remote_mac) /
                    MPLS(label=55, ttl=64) /
@@ -2228,16 +2228,16 @@ class TestMPLSL2(VppTestCase):
                          dst="00:00:de:ad:be:ef") /
                    IP(dst="10.10.10.10", src="11.11.11.11") /
                    UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                   Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                   Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
         p_core2 = (Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac,
                          src=self.pg0.remote_mac) /
                    MPLS(label=56, ttl=64) /
-                   Raw('\x01' * 4) /  # PW CW
+                   Raw(b'\x01' * 4) /  # PW CW
                    Ether(src="00:00:de:ad:ba:b2",
                          dst="00:00:de:ad:be:ef") /
                    IP(dst="10.10.10.10", src="11.11.11.12") /
                    UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                   Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                   Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         #
         # The BD is learning, so send in one of each packet to learn
diff --git a/test/test_neighbor.py b/test/test_neighbor.py
index 7068fd05b04..0b7ffff8bc3 100644
--- a/test/test_neighbor.py
+++ b/test/test_neighbor.py
@@ -946,7 +946,7 @@ class ARPTestCase(VppTestCase):
                    dst=self.pg0.local_mac) /
              IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst="10.0.0.1") /
              UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-             Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+             Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         self.pg0.add_stream(p)
         self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
diff --git a/test/test_p2p_ethernet.py b/test/test_p2p_ethernet.py
index 7a8c56092fb..7cc6cdce485 100644
--- a/test/test_p2p_ethernet.py
+++ b/test/test_p2p_ethernet.py
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class P2PEthernetIPV6(VppTestCase):
             pkt_size = random.choice(self.pg_if_packet_sizes)
         p = Ether(src=src_mac, dst=dst_mac)
         p /= IPv6(src=src_ip, dst=dst_ip)
-        p /= (UDP(sport=1234, dport=4321) / Raw('\xa5' * 20))
+        p /= (UDP(sport=1234, dport=4321) / Raw(b'\xa5' * 20))
         self.extend_packet(p, pkt_size)
         return p
 
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ class P2PEthernetIPV6(VppTestCase):
                                src=self.pg1.remote_mac) /
                          IPv6(src="3001::1", dst="8000::100") /
                          UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                         Raw('\xa5' * 100))]
+                         Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))]
         self.send_packets(self.pg1, self.pg0)
 
         self.logger.info("FFP_TEST_FINISH_0001")
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ class P2PEthernetIPV4(VppTestCase):
             pkt_size = random.choice(self.pg_if_packet_sizes)
         p = Ether(src=src_mac, dst=dst_mac)
         p /= IP(src=src_ip, dst=dst_ip)
-        p /= (UDP(sport=1234, dport=4321) / Raw('\xa5' * 20))
+        p /= (UDP(sport=1234, dport=4321) / Raw(b'\xa5' * 20))
         self.extend_packet(p, pkt_size)
         return p
 
diff --git a/test/test_pipe.py b/test/test_pipe.py
index 89ef1f3cadb..6e3edca3c50 100644
--- a/test/test_pipe.py
+++ b/test/test_pipe.py
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class TestPipe(VppTestCase):
              IP(src="1.1.1.1",
                 dst="1.1.1.2") /
              UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-             Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+             Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p * NUM_PKTS, self.pg1)
         self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p * NUM_PKTS, self.pg0)
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class TestPipe(VppTestCase):
                   IP(src="1.1.1.2",
                      dst="1.1.1.1") /
                   UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                  Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                  Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
         # bind the pipe ends to the correct tables
         self.vapi.sw_interface_set_table(pipes[1].west, 0, 2)
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ class TestPipe(VppTestCase):
                   IP(src="1.1.1.1",
                      dst="1.1.1.2") /
                   UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                  Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                  Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
         self.send_and_expect(self.pg3, p_west * NUM_PKTS, self.pg2)
 
         #
diff --git a/test/test_udp.py b/test/test_udp.py
index 40c814774bf..b22ed44e791 100644
--- a/test/test_udp.py
+++ b/test/test_udp.py
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ class TestUdpEncap(VppTestCase):
                        dst=self.pg0.local_mac) /
                  IP(src="2.2.2.2", dst="1.1.0.1") /
                  UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                 Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                 Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
         rx = self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p_4o4*NUM_PKTS, self.pg0)
         for p in rx:
             self.validate_outer4(p, udp_encap_0)
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class TestUdpEncap(VppTestCase):
                        dst=self.pg0.local_mac) /
                  IP(src="2.2.2.2", dst="1.1.2.1") /
                  UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                 Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                 Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
         rx = self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p_4o6*NUM_PKTS, self.pg2)
         for p in rx:
             self.validate_outer6(p, udp_encap_2)
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ class TestUdpEncap(VppTestCase):
                        dst=self.pg0.local_mac) /
                  IPv6(src="2001::100", dst="2001::1") /
                  UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                 Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                 Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
         rx = self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p_6o4*NUM_PKTS, self.pg1)
         for p in rx:
             self.validate_outer4(p, udp_encap_1)
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ class TestUdpEncap(VppTestCase):
                        dst=self.pg0.local_mac) /
                  IPv6(src="2001::100", dst="2001::3") /
                  UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                 Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                 Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
         rx = self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p_6o6*NUM_PKTS, self.pg3)
         for p in rx:
             self.validate_outer6(p, udp_encap_3)
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ class TestUdpEncap(VppTestCase):
                          dst=self.pg0.local_mac) /
                    IP(src="2.2.2.2", dst="1.1.2.22") /
                    UDP(sport=1234, dport=1234) /
-                   Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                   Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
         rx = self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p_4omo4*NUM_PKTS, self.pg1)
         for p in rx:
             self.validate_outer4(p, udp_encap_1)
diff --git a/test/test_vxlan.py b/test/test_vxlan.py
index b292aac4a12..692930eb1f2 100644
--- a/test/test_vxlan.py
+++ b/test/test_vxlan.py
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ class TestVxlan(BridgeDomain, VppTestCase):
         frame = (Ether(src='00:00:00:00:00:02', dst='00:00:00:00:00:01') /
                  IP(src='4.3.2.1', dst='1.2.3.4') /
                  UDP(sport=20000, dport=10000) /
-                 Raw('\xa5' * 1450))
+                 Raw(b'\xa5' * 1450))
 
         self.pg1.add_stream([frame])
 
diff --git a/test/test_vxlan_gbp.py b/test/test_vxlan_gbp.py
index 24769337b7c..64e51b016cb 100644
--- a/test/test_vxlan_gbp.py
+++ b/test/test_vxlan_gbp.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class TestVxlanGbp(VppTestCase):
         return (Ether(src='00:00:00:00:00:01', dst='00:00:00:00:00:02') /
                 IP(src='1.2.3.4', dst='4.3.2.1') /
                 UDP(sport=10000, dport=20000) /
-                Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
     @property
     def frame_reply(self):
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class TestVxlanGbp(VppTestCase):
         return (Ether(src='00:00:00:00:00:02', dst='00:00:00:00:00:01') /
                 IP(src='4.3.2.1', dst='1.2.3.4') /
                 UDP(sport=20000, dport=10000) /
-                Raw('\xa5' * 100))
+                Raw(b'\xa5' * 100))
 
     def encapsulate(self, pkt, vni):
         """
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ class TestVxlanGbp(VppTestCase):
         frame = (Ether(src='00:00:00:00:00:02', dst='00:00:00:00:00:01') /
                  IP(src='4.3.2.1', dst='1.2.3.4') /
                  UDP(sport=20000, dport=10000) /
-                 Raw('\xa5' * 1450))
+                 Raw(b'\xa5' * 1450))
 
         self.pg1.add_stream([frame])