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+How to do VPP Packet Tracing in Kubernetes
+==========================================
+
+This document describes the steps to do *manual* packet tracing
+(capture) using VPP in Kubernetes. Contiv/VPP also ships with a simple
+bash script
+`vpptrace.sh <https://github.com/contiv/vpp/blob/master/scripts/vpptrace.sh>`__,
+which allows to *continuously* trace and *filter* packets incoming
+through a given set of interface types. Documentation for vpptrace.sh is
+available
+`here <https://github.com/contiv/vpp/blob/master/docs/VPPTRACE.md>`__.
+
+More information about VPP packet tracing is in:
+
+- https://wiki.fd.io/view/VPP/Command-line_Interface_(CLI)_Guide#packet_tracer
+- https://wiki.fd.io/view/VPP/How_To_Use_The_Packet_Generator_and_Packet_Tracer
+- https://wiki.fd.io/view/VPP/Tutorial_Routing_and_Switching
+
+SSH into the Node
+-----------------
+
+Perform the following commands to SSH into the node:
+
+::
+
+ cd vpp/vagrant/vagrant-scripts/
+ vagrant ssh k8s-worker1
+
+Check the VPP Graph Nodes (Input and Output Queues)
+---------------------------------------------------
+
+The following content shows what is running on VPP, via the ``show run``
+command
+
+::
+
+ vagrant@k8s-worker1:~$ sudo vppctl
+ _______ _ _ _____ ___
+ __/ __/ _ \ (_)__ | | / / _ \/ _ \
+ _/ _// // / / / _ \ | |/ / ___/ ___/
+ /_/ /____(_)_/\___/ |___/_/ /_/
+
+ vpp# show run
+ Time 1026791.9, average vectors/node 1.12, last 128 main loops 0.00 per node 0.00
+ vector rates in 1.6459e-4, out 1.5485e-4, drop 1.3635e-5, punt 0.0000e0
+ Name State Calls Vectors Suspends Clocks Vectors/Call
+ GigabitEthernet0/8/0-output active 56 69 0 1.34e3 1.23
+ GigabitEthernet0/8/0-tx active 54 67 0 8.09e5 1.24
+ acl-plugin-fa-cleaner-process event wait 0 0 1 2.84e4 0.00
+ admin-up-down-process event wait 0 0 1 4.59e3 0.00
+ api-rx-from-ring any wait 0 0 3316292 1.24e5 0.00
+ arp-input active 3 3 0 2.53e5 1.00
+ bfd-process event wait 0 0 1 5.94e3 0.00
+ cdp-process any wait 0 0 145916 1.36e4 0.00
+ dhcp-client-process any wait 0 0 10268 3.65e4 0.00
+ dns-resolver-process any wait 0 0 1027 5.86e4 0.00
+ dpdk-input polling 8211032318951 93 0 1.48e13 0.00
+ dpdk-ipsec-process done 1 0 0 2.10e5 0.00
+ dpdk-process any wait 0 0 342233 9.86e6 0.00
+ error-drop active 12 14 0 6.67e3 1.17
+ ethernet-input active 60 74 0 5.81e3 1.23
+ fib-walk any wait 0 0 513322 1.59e4 0.00
+ flow-report-process any wait 0 0 1 1.45e3 0.00
+ flowprobe-timer-process any wait 0 0 1 6.34e3 0.00
+ ikev2-manager-process any wait 0 0 1026484 1.18e4 0.00
+ interface-output active 2 2 0 3.23e3 1.00
+ ioam-export-process any wait 0 0 1 1.98e3 0.00
+ ip-route-resolver-process any wait 0 0 10268 3.02e4 0.00
+ ip4-arp active 1 1 0 1.49e4 1.00
+ ip4-input active 223 248 0 3.39e3 1.11
+ ip4-load-balance active 106 132 0 5.34e3 1.25
+ ip4-local active 86 92 0 2.46e3 1.07
+ ip4-local-end-of-arc active 86 92 0 1.00e3 1.07
+ ip4-lookup active 223 248 0 3.31e3 1.11
+ ip4-rewrite active 190 222 0 1.92e3 1.17
+ ip4-udp-lookup active 86 92 0 3.76e3 1.07
+ ip6-drop active 6 7 0 2.29e3 1.17
+ ip6-icmp-neighbor-discovery-ev any wait 0 0 1026484 1.13e4 0.00
+ ip6-input active 6 7 0 3.33e3 1.17
+ l2-flood active 2 2 0 4.42e3 1.00
+ l2-fwd active 138 157 0 2.13e3 1.14
+ l2-input active 140 159 0 2.41e3 1.14
+ l2-learn active 86 92 0 3.64e4 1.07
+ l2-output active 54 67 0 3.05e3 1.24
+ l2fib-mac-age-scanner-process event wait 0 0 85 5.01e4 0.00
+ lisp-retry-service any wait 0 0 513322 1.62e4 0.00
+ lldp-process event wait 0 0 1 5.02e4 0.00
+ loop0-output active 54 67 0 1.66e3 1.24
+ loop0-tx active 54 0 0 2.49e3 0.00
+ memif-process event wait 0 0 1 1.70e4 0.00
+ nat-det-expire-walk done 1 0 0 3.79e3 0.00
+ nat44-classify active 171 183 0 2.49e3 1.07
+ nat44-hairpinning active 86 92 0 1.80e3 1.07
+ nat44-in2out active 171 183 0 4.45e3 1.07
+ nat44-in2out-slowpath active 171 183 0 3.98e3 1.07
+ nat44-out2in active 52 65 0 1.28e4 1.25
+ nat64-expire-walk any wait 0 0 102677 5.95e4 0.00
+ nat64-expire-worker-walk interrupt wa 102676 0 0 7.39e3 0.00
+ send-garp-na-process event wait 0 0 1 1.28e3 0.00
+ startup-config-process done 1 0 1 4.19e3 0.00
+ tapcli-0-output active 1 1 0 6.97e3 1.00
+ tapcli-0-tx active 1 1 0 7.32e4 1.00
+ tapcli-1-output active 57 63 0 1.66e3 1.11
+ tapcli-1-tx active 57 63 0 1.35e5 1.11
+ tapcli-2-output active 28 28 0 3.26e3 1.00
+ tapcli-2-tx active 28 28 0 4.06e5 1.00
+ tapcli-rx interrupt wa 62 76 0 6.58e4 1.23
+ udp-ping-process any wait 0 0 1 1.79e4 0.00
+ unix-cli-127.0.0.1:43282 active 2 0 455 1.26e15 0.00
+ unix-epoll-input polling 8010763239 0 0 8.17e2 0.00
+ vhost-user-process any wait 0 0 1 1.96e3 0.00
+ vhost-user-send-interrupt-proc any wait 0 0 1 3.85e3 0.00
+ vpe-link-state-process event wait 0 0 8 9.79e4 0.00
+ vpe-oam-process any wait 0 0 503263 1.21e4 0.00
+ vxlan-gpe-ioam-export-process any wait 0 0 1 2.91e3 0.00
+ vxlan4-encap active 54 67 0 3.55e3 1.24
+ vxlan4-input active 86 92 0 3.79e3 1.07
+ wildcard-ip4-arp-publisher-pro event wait 0 0 1 6.44e3 0.00
+
+``tapcli-rx`` above is the node-level input queue for incoming packets
+into all the pods on the node. There is one ``tapcli-rx`` input queue
+for every node.
+
+The following are the input and output queues for each pod and the node:
+
+::
+
+ tapcli-0-output
+ tapcli-0-tx
+ tapcli-1-output
+ tapcli-1-tx
+ tapcli-2-output
+ tapcli-2-tx
+
+Each pod and node has two queues, one for rx (``tapcli-X-output``), and
+one for tx (``tapcli-X-tx``). The above output is with two ``nginx``
+pods in kubernetes.
+
+Clear Existing VPP Packet Trace
+-------------------------------
+
+Enter the following command:
+
+::
+
+ vpp# clear trace
+
+How to Turn on VPP Packet Tracing
+---------------------------------
+
+Enter the following commands:
+
+::
+
+ vpp# trace add <input or output queue name> <number of packets to capture>
+
+ vpp# trace add dpdk-input 1000
+
+ vpp# trace add tapcli-rx 1000
+
+Send Traffic to the Pods
+------------------------
+
+Open another terminal, SSH into the master node, refer the documentation
+in ``vpp/vagrant/README.md`` and send traffic to the two ``nginx`` pods
+using ``wget``.
+
+::
+
+ cd vpp/vagrant/vagrant-scripts/
+ vagrant ssh k8s-master
+
+ vagrant@k8s-master:~$ kubectl get pods -o wide
+ NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE
+ nginx-8586cf59-768qw 1/1 Running 0 11d 10.1.2.3 k8s-worker1
+ nginx-8586cf59-d27h2 1/1 Running 0 11d 10.1.2.2 k8s-worker1
+
+ vagrant@k8s-master:~$ wget 10.1.2.2
+ --2018-02-08 16:46:01-- http://10.1.2.2/
+ Connecting to 10.1.2.2:80... connected.
+ HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
+ Length: 612 [text/html]
+ Saving to: ‘index.html’
+ index.html 100%[=========================================================>] 612 --.-KB/s in 0.004s
+ 2018-02-08 16:46:01 (162 KB/s) - ‘index.html’ saved [612/612]
+
+ vagrant@k8s-master:~$ wget 10.1.2.3
+ --2018-02-08 16:46:02-- http://10.1.2.3/
+ Connecting to 10.1.2.3:80... connected.
+ HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
+ Length: 612 [text/html]
+ Saving to: ‘index.html.1’
+ index.html.1 100%[=========================================================>] 612 --.-KB/s in 0.004s
+ 2018-02-08 16:46:02 (143 KB/s) - ‘index.html.1’ saved [612/612]
+
+Check the Packets Captured by VPP
+---------------------------------
+
+Back in the first terminal, check the packets captured by VPP.
+
+::
+
+ vpp# show trace
+ ...
+ ...
+ Packet 33
+
+ 21:34:51:476110: tapcli-rx
+ tapcli-2
+ 21:34:51:476115: ethernet-input
+ IP4: 00:00:00:00:00:02 -> 02:fe:72:95:66:c7
+ 21:34:51:476117: ip4-input
+ TCP: 10.1.2.3 -> 172.30.1.2
+ tos 0x00, ttl 64, length 52, checksum 0x6fb4
+ fragment id 0x11ec, flags DONT_FRAGMENT
+ TCP: 80 -> 58430
+ seq. 0x5db741c8 ack 0x709defa7
+ flags 0x11 FIN ACK, tcp header: 32 bytes
+ window 235, checksum 0x55c3
+ 21:34:51:476118: nat44-out2in
+ NAT44_OUT2IN: sw_if_index 6, next index 1, session index -1
+ 21:34:51:476120: ip4-lookup
+ fib 0 dpo-idx 23 flow hash: 0x00000000
+ TCP: 10.1.2.3 -> 172.30.1.2
+ tos 0x00, ttl 64, length 52, checksum 0x6fb4
+ fragment id 0x11ec, flags DONT_FRAGMENT
+ TCP: 80 -> 58430
+ seq. 0x5db741c8 ack 0x709defa7
+ flags 0x11 FIN ACK, tcp header: 32 bytes
+ window 235, checksum 0x55c3
+ 21:34:51:476121: ip4-load-balance
+ fib 0 dpo-idx 23 flow hash: 0x00000000
+ TCP: 10.1.2.3 -> 172.30.1.2
+ tos 0x00, ttl 64, length 52, checksum 0x6fb4
+ fragment id 0x11ec, flags DONT_FRAGMENT
+ TCP: 80 -> 58430
+ seq. 0x5db741c8 ack 0x709defa7
+ flags 0x11 FIN ACK, tcp header: 32 bytes
+ window 235, checksum 0x55c3
+ 21:34:51:476122: ip4-rewrite
+ tx_sw_if_index 3 dpo-idx 5 : ipv4 via 192.168.30.1 loop0: 1a2b3c4d5e011a2b3c4d5e020800 flow hash: 0x00000000
+ 00000000: 1a2b3c4d5e011a2b3c4d5e0208004500003411ec40003f0670b40a010203ac1e
+ 00000020: 01020050e43e5db741c8709defa7801100eb55c300000101080a0f4b
+ 21:34:51:476123: loop0-output
+ loop0
+ IP4: 1a:2b:3c:4d:5e:02 -> 1a:2b:3c:4d:5e:01
+ TCP: 10.1.2.3 -> 172.30.1.2
+ tos 0x00, ttl 63, length 52, checksum 0x70b4
+ fragment id 0x11ec, flags DONT_FRAGMENT
+ TCP: 80 -> 58430
+ seq. 0x5db741c8 ack 0x709defa7
+ flags 0x11 FIN ACK, tcp header: 32 bytes
+ window 235, checksum 0x55c3
+ 21:34:51:476124: l2-input
+ l2-input: sw_if_index 3 dst 1a:2b:3c:4d:5e:01 src 1a:2b:3c:4d:5e:02
+ 21:34:51:476125: l2-fwd
+ l2-fwd: sw_if_index 3 dst 1a:2b:3c:4d:5e:01 src 1a:2b:3c:4d:5e:02 bd_index 1
+ 21:34:51:476125: l2-output
+ l2-output: sw_if_index 4 dst 1a:2b:3c:4d:5e:01 src 1a:2b:3c:4d:5e:02 data 08 00 45 00 00 34 11 ec 40 00 3f 06
+ 21:34:51:476126: vxlan4-encap
+ VXLAN encap to vxlan_tunnel0 vni 10
+ 21:34:51:476126: ip4-load-balance
+ fib 4 dpo-idx 22 flow hash: 0x00000103
+ UDP: 192.168.16.2 -> 192.168.16.1
+ tos 0x00, ttl 254, length 102, checksum 0x1b33
+ fragment id 0x0000
+ UDP: 24320 -> 4789
+ length 82, checksum 0x0000
+ 21:34:51:476127: ip4-rewrite
+ tx_sw_if_index 1 dpo-idx 4 : ipv4 via 192.168.16.1 GigabitEthernet0/8/0: 080027b2610908002733fb6f0800 flow hash: 0x00000103
+ 00000000: 080027b2610908002733fb6f08004500006600000000fd111c33c0a81002c0a8
+ 00000020: 10015f0012b5005200000800000000000a001a2b3c4d5e011a2b3c4d
+ 21:34:51:476127: GigabitEthernet0/8/0-output
+ GigabitEthernet0/8/0
+ IP4: 08:00:27:33:fb:6f -> 08:00:27:b2:61:09
+ UDP: 192.168.16.2 -> 192.168.16.1
+ tos 0x00, ttl 253, length 102, checksum 0x1c33
+ fragment id 0x0000
+ UDP: 24320 -> 4789
+ length 82, checksum 0x0000
+ 21:34:51:476128: GigabitEthernet0/8/0-tx
+ GigabitEthernet0/8/0 tx queue 0
+ buffer 0xfa7f: current data -50, length 116, free-list 0, clone-count 0, totlen-nifb 0, trace 0x20
+ l2-hdr-offset 0 l3-hdr-offset 14
+ PKT MBUF: port 255, nb_segs 1, pkt_len 116
+ buf_len 2176, data_len 116, ol_flags 0x0, data_off 78, phys_addr 0x569ea040
+ packet_type 0x0 l2_len 0 l3_len 0 outer_l2_len 0 outer_l3_len 0
+ IP4: 08:00:27:33:fb:6f -> 08:00:27:b2:61:09
+ UDP: 192.168.16.2 -> 192.168.16.1
+ tos 0x00, ttl 253, length 102, checksum 0x1c33
+ fragment id 0x0000
+ UDP: 24320 -> 4789
+ length 82, checksum 0x0000
+
+In the above captured packet, we can see:
+
+- Input queue name ``tapcli-rx``
+- Pod’s IP address ``10.1.2.3``
+- IP address of the master node ``172.30.1.2``, which sent the ``wget``
+ traffic to the two pods
+- HTTP port ``80``, destination port and TCP protocol
+ (``TCP: 80 -> 58430``)
+- NAT queue name ``nat44-out2in``
+- VXLAN VNI ID ``VXLAN encap to vxlan_tunnel0 vni 10``
+- VXLAN UDP port ``4789``
+- IP address of ``GigabitEthernet0/8/0`` interface (``192.168.16.2``)
+- Packet on the outgoing queue ``GigabitEthernet0/8/0-tx``
+
+Find IP Addresses of GigabitEthernet and the Tap Interfaces
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+
+Enter the following commands to find the IP addresses and Tap
+interfaces:
+
+::
+
+ vpp# show int address
+ GigabitEthernet0/8/0 (up):
+ L3 192.168.16.2/24
+ local0 (dn):
+ loop0 (up):
+ L2 bridge bd-id 1 idx 1 shg 0 bvi
+ L3 192.168.30.2/24
+ tapcli-0 (up):
+ L3 172.30.2.1/24
+ tapcli-1 (up):
+ L3 10.2.1.2/32
+ tapcli-2 (up):
+ L3 10.2.1.3/32
+ vxlan_tunnel0 (up):
+ L2 bridge bd-id 1 idx 1 shg 0
+
+Other Useful VPP CLIs
+---------------------
+
+Enter the following commands to see additional information about VPP:
+
+::
+
+ vpp# show int
+ Name Idx State Counter Count
+ GigabitEthernet0/8/0 1 up rx packets 138
+ rx bytes 18681
+ tx packets 100
+ tx bytes 29658
+ drops 1
+ ip4 137
+ tx-error 2
+ local0 0 down drops 1
+ loop0 3 up rx packets 137
+ rx bytes 9853
+ tx packets 200
+ tx bytes 49380
+ drops 1
+ ip4 136
+ tapcli-0 2 up rx packets 8
+ rx bytes 600
+ tx packets 1
+ tx bytes 42
+ drops 9
+ ip6 7
+ tapcli-1 5 up rx packets 56
+ rx bytes 13746
+ tx packets 78
+ tx bytes 6733
+ drops 1
+ ip4 56
+ tapcli-2 6 up rx packets 42
+ rx bytes 10860
+ tx packets 58
+ tx bytes 4996
+ drops 1
+ ip4 42
+ vxlan_tunnel0 4 up rx packets 137
+ rx bytes 11771
+ tx packets 100
+ tx bytes 28290
+
+ vpp# show hardware
+ Name Idx Link Hardware
+ GigabitEthernet0/8/0 1 up GigabitEthernet0/8/0
+ Ethernet address 08:00:27:33:fb:6f
+ Intel 82540EM (e1000)
+ carrier up full duplex speed 1000 mtu 9216
+ rx queues 1, rx desc 1024, tx queues 1, tx desc 1024
+ cpu socket 0
+
+ tx frames ok 100
+ tx bytes ok 29658
+ rx frames ok 138
+ rx bytes ok 19233
+ extended stats:
+ rx good packets 138
+ tx good packets 100
+ rx good bytes 19233
+ tx good bytes 29658
+ local0 0 down local0
+ local
+ loop0 3 up loop0
+ Ethernet address 1a:2b:3c:4d:5e:02
+ tapcli-0 2 up tapcli-0
+ Ethernet address 02:fe:95:07:df:9c
+ tapcli-1 5 up tapcli-1
+ Ethernet address 02:fe:3f:5f:0f:9a
+ tapcli-2 6 up tapcli-2
+ Ethernet address 02:fe:72:95:66:c7
+ vxlan_tunnel0 4 up vxlan_tunnel0
+ VXLAN
+
+ vpp# show bridge-domain
+ BD-ID Index BSN Age(min) Learning U-Forwrd UU-Flood Flooding ARP-Term BVI-Intf
+ 1 1 1 off on on on on off loop0
+
+ vpp# show bridge-domain 1 detail
+ BD-ID Index BSN Age(min) Learning U-Forwrd UU-Flood Flooding ARP-Term BVI-Intf
+ 1 1 1 off on on on on off loop0
+
+ Interface If-idx ISN SHG BVI TxFlood VLAN-Tag-Rewrite
+ loop0 3 3 0 * * none
+ vxlan_tunnel0 4 1 0 - * none
+
+ vpp# show l2fib verbose
+ Mac-Address BD-Idx If-Idx BSN-ISN Age(min) static filter bvi Interface-Name
+ 1a:2b:3c:4d:5e:02 1 3 0/0 - * - * loop0
+ 1a:2b:3c:4d:5e:01 1 4 1/1 - - - - vxlan_tunnel0
+ L2FIB total/learned entries: 2/1 Last scan time: 0.0000e0sec Learn limit: 4194304
+
+ vpp# show ip fib
+ ipv4-VRF:0, fib_index:0, flow hash:[src dst sport dport proto ] locks:[src:(nil):2, src:adjacency:3, src:default-route:1, ]
+ 0.0.0.0/0
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:1 buckets:1 uRPF:21 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@5]: ipv4 via 172.30.2.2 tapcli-0: def35b93961902fe9507df9c0800
+ 0.0.0.0/32
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:2 buckets:1 uRPF:1 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@0]: dpo-drop ip4
+ 10.1.1.0/24
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:24 buckets:1 uRPF:29 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@10]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:23 buckets:1 uRPF:28 to:[0:0] via:[98:23234]]
+ [0] [@5]: ipv4 via 192.168.30.1 loop0: 1a2b3c4d5e011a2b3c4d5e020800
+ 10.1.2.2/32
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:27 buckets:1 uRPF:12 to:[78:5641]]
+ [0] [@5]: ipv4 via 10.1.2.2 tapcli-1: 00000000000202fe3f5f0f9a0800
+ 10.1.2.3/32
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:29 buckets:1 uRPF:32 to:[58:4184]]
+ [0] [@5]: ipv4 via 10.1.2.3 tapcli-2: 00000000000202fe729566c70800
+ 10.2.1.2/32
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:26 buckets:1 uRPF:31 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@2]: dpo-receive: 10.2.1.2 on tapcli-1
+ 10.2.1.3/32
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:28 buckets:1 uRPF:33 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@2]: dpo-receive: 10.2.1.3 on tapcli-2
+ 172.30.1.0/24
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:25 buckets:1 uRPF:29 to:[98:23234]]
+ [0] [@10]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:23 buckets:1 uRPF:28 to:[0:0] via:[98:23234]]
+ [0] [@5]: ipv4 via 192.168.30.1 loop0: 1a2b3c4d5e011a2b3c4d5e020800
+ 172.30.2.0/32
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:14 buckets:1 uRPF:15 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@0]: dpo-drop ip4
+ 172.30.2.0/24
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:13 buckets:1 uRPF:14 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@4]: ipv4-glean: tapcli-0
+ 172.30.2.1/32
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:16 buckets:1 uRPF:19 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@2]: dpo-receive: 172.30.2.1 on tapcli-0
+ 172.30.2.2/32
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:17 buckets:1 uRPF:18 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@5]: ipv4 via 172.30.2.2 tapcli-0: def35b93961902fe9507df9c0800
+ 172.30.2.255/32
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:15 buckets:1 uRPF:17 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@0]: dpo-drop ip4
+ 192.168.16.0/32
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:10 buckets:1 uRPF:9 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@0]: dpo-drop ip4
+ 192.168.16.1/32
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:22 buckets:1 uRPF:34 to:[0:0] via:[100:28290]]
+ [0] [@5]: ipv4 via 192.168.16.1 GigabitEthernet0/8/0: 080027b2610908002733fb6f0800
+ 192.168.16.0/24
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:9 buckets:1 uRPF:30 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@4]: ipv4-glean: GigabitEthernet0/8/0
+ 192.168.16.2/32
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:12 buckets:1 uRPF:13 to:[137:16703]]
+ [0] [@2]: dpo-receive: 192.168.16.2 on GigabitEthernet0/8/0
+ 192.168.16.255/32
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:11 buckets:1 uRPF:11 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@0]: dpo-drop ip4
+ 192.168.30.0/32
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:19 buckets:1 uRPF:23 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@0]: dpo-drop ip4
+ 192.168.30.1/32
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:23 buckets:1 uRPF:28 to:[0:0] via:[98:23234]]
+ [0] [@5]: ipv4 via 192.168.30.1 loop0: 1a2b3c4d5e011a2b3c4d5e020800
+ 192.168.30.0/24
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:18 buckets:1 uRPF:22 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@4]: ipv4-glean: loop0
+ 192.168.30.2/32
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:21 buckets:1 uRPF:27 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@2]: dpo-receive: 192.168.30.2 on loop0
+ 192.168.30.255/32
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:20 buckets:1 uRPF:25 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@0]: dpo-drop ip4
+ 224.0.0.0/4
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:4 buckets:1 uRPF:3 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@0]: dpo-drop ip4
+ 240.0.0.0/4
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:3 buckets:1 uRPF:2 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@0]: dpo-drop ip4
+ 255.255.255.255/32
+ unicast-ip4-chain
+ [@0]: dpo-load-balance: [proto:ip4 index:5 buckets:1 uRPF:4 to:[0:0]]
+ [0] [@0]: dpo-drop ip4