vpp - Vector Packet Processing

Age	Commit message (Expand)	Author	Files	Lines
2019-12-11	docs: Rework the startup configuration section	John DeNisco	1	-2/+2
2019-11-06	docs: Rewrite the what is VPP (first) section, also fix the build	John DeNisco	1	-2/+2
2019-09-11	docs: run-sphinx-docs-merged	jdenisco	1	-2/+2
2019-07-19	docs: Fix conf.py for read the docs	jdenisco	1	-2/+2
2019-06-27	docs: Update the vhost section	jdenisco	1	-2/+2
2019-05-30	FIB: correctly report IPv6 FIB Unicast and Multicast memory usage (VPP-1578)"	Neale Ranns	1	-2/+2
2019-05-28	docs: Add some packages for building the docs	jdenisco	1	-2/+2
2019-05-17	docs: Fix Versions and Titles	jdenisco	1	-2/+2
2019-05-10	docs: Add 1904	jdenisco	1	-2/+2
2019-04-25	docs: Add VPP inside the Cloud	Francesco Spinelli	1	-2/+2
2019-02-27	Fix centos build and build documentation	jdenisco	1	-2/+2
2019-02-23	Add support for 19.01	jdenisco	1	-2/+2
2019-01-31	docs: Instructions for using vmxnet3 on mac	jdenisco	1	-2/+2
2018-12-17	docs: Add vmxmet3 driver	jdenisco	1	-2/+2
2018-12-13	docs: Update the requirements	jdenisco	1	-2/+2
2018-12-06	DOC-ONLY: MFIB documentation	Neale Ranns	1	-2/+2
2018-11-27	docs: Add more on trex	jdenisco	1	-2/+2
2018-11-13	docs and Config utility, package cloud support	jdenisco	1	-2/+2
2018-11-12	docs: add 1810, including package cloud	jdenisco	1	-2/+2
2018-11-06	docs: Add version and build date	jdenisco	1	-0/+9
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#!/usr/bin/env python

from __future__ import print_function
import gc
import sys
import os
import select
import unittest
import tempfile
import time
import faulthandler
import random
import copy
import psutil
import platform
from collections import deque
from threading import Thread, Event
from inspect import getdoc, isclass
from traceback import format_exception
from logging import FileHandler, DEBUG, Formatter

import scapy.compat
from scapy.packet import Raw
from hook import StepHook, PollHook, VppDiedError
from vpp_pg_interface import VppPGInterface
from vpp_sub_interface import VppSubInterface
from vpp_lo_interface import VppLoInterface
from vpp_bvi_interface import VppBviInterface
from vpp_papi_provider import VppPapiProvider
from vpp_papi.vpp_stats import VPPStats
from log import RED, GREEN, YELLOW, double_line_delim, single_line_delim, \
    get_logger, colorize
from vpp_object import VppObjectRegistry
from util import ppp, is_core_present
from scapy.layers.inet import IPerror, TCPerror, UDPerror, ICMPerror
from scapy.layers.inet6 import ICMPv6DestUnreach, ICMPv6EchoRequest
from scapy.layers.inet6 import ICMPv6EchoReply

if os.name == 'posix' and sys.version_info[0] < 3:
    # using subprocess32 is recommended by python official documentation
    # @ https://docs.python.org/2/library/subprocess.html
    import subprocess32 as subprocess
else:
    import subprocess

#  Python2/3 compatible
try:
    input = raw_input
except NameError:
    pass

PASS = 0
FAIL = 1
ERROR = 2
SKIP = 3
TEST_RUN = 4

debug_framework = False
if os.getenv('TEST_DEBUG', "0") == "1":
    debug_framework = True
    import debug_internal

"""
  Test framework module.

  The module provides a set of tools for constructing and running tests and
  representing the results.
"""


class _PacketInfo(object):
    """Private class to create packet info object.

    Help process information about the next packet.
    Set variables to default values.
    """
    #: Store the index of the packet.
    index = -1
    #: Store the index of the source packet generator interface of the packet.
    src = -1
    #: Store the index of the destination packet generator interface
    #: of the packet.
    dst = -1
    #: Store expected ip version
    ip = -1
    #: Store expected upper protocol
    proto = -1
    #: Store the copy of the former packet.
    data = None

    def __eq__(self, other):
        index = self.index == other.index
        src = self.src == other.src
        dst = self.dst == other.dst
        data = self.data == other.data
        return index and src and dst and data


def pump_output(testclass):
    """ pump output from vpp stdout/stderr to proper queues """
    stdout_fragment = ""
    stderr_fragment = ""
    while not testclass.pump_thread_stop_flag.is_set():
        readable = select.select([testclass.vpp.stdout.fileno(),
                                  testclass.vpp.stderr.fileno(),
                                  testclass.pump_thread_wakeup_pipe[0]],
                                 [], [])[0]
        if testclass.vpp.stdout.fileno() in readable:
            read = os.read(testclass.vpp.stdout.fileno(), 102400)
            if len(read) > 0:
                split = read.splitlines(True)
                if len(stdout_fragment) > 0:
                    split[0] = "%s%s" % (stdout_fragment, split[0])
                if len(split) > 0 and split[-1].endswith("\n"):
                    limit = None
                else:
                    limit = -1
                    stdout_fragment = split[-1]
                testclass.vpp_stdout_deque.extend(split[:limit])
                if not testclass.cache_vpp_output:
                    for line in split[:limit]:
                        testclass.logger.debug(
                            "VPP STDOUT: %s" % line.rstrip("\n"))
        if testclass.vpp.stderr.fileno() in readable:
            read = os.read(testclass.vpp.stderr.fileno(), 102400)
            if len(read) > 0:
                split = read.splitlines(True)
                if len(stderr_fragment) > 0:
                    split[0] = "%s%s" % (stderr_fragment, split[0])
                if len(split) > 0 and split[-1].endswith(b"\n"):
                    limit = None
                else:
                    limit = -1
                    stderr_fragment = split[-1]
                testclass.vpp_stderr_deque.extend(split[:limit])
                if not testclass.cache_vpp_output:
                    for line in split[:limit]:
                        testclass.logger.debug(
                            "VPP STDERR: %s" % line.rstrip("\n"))
                        # ignoring the dummy pipe here intentionally - the
                        # flag will take care of properly terminating the loop


def _is_skip_aarch64_set():
    return os.getenv('SKIP_AARCH64', 'n').lower() in ('yes', 'y', '1')


is_skip_aarch64_set = _is_skip_aarch64_set()


def _is_platform_aarch64():
    return platform.machine() == 'aarch64'


is_platform_aarch64 = _is_platform_aarch64()


def _running_extended_tests():
    s = os.getenv("EXTENDED_TESTS", "n")
    return True if s.lower() in ("y", "yes", "1") else False


running_extended_tests = _running_extended_tests()


def _running_on_centos():
    os_id = os.getenv("OS_ID", "")
    return True if "centos" in os_id.lower() else False


running_on_centos = _running_on_centos


class KeepAliveReporter(object):
    """
    Singleton object which reports test start to parent process
    """
    _shared_state = {}

    def __init__(self):
        self.__dict__ = self._shared_state
        self._pipe = None

    @property
    def pipe(self):
        return self._pipe

    @pipe.setter
    def pipe(self, pipe):
        if self._pipe is not None:
            raise Exception("Internal error - pipe should only be set once.")
        self._pipe = pipe

    def send_keep_alive(self, test, desc=None):
        """
        Write current test tmpdir & desc to keep-alive pipe to signal liveness
        """
        if self.pipe is None:
            # if not running forked..
            return

        if isclass(test):
            desc = '%s (%s)' % (desc, unittest.util.strclass(test))
        else:
            desc = test.id()

        self.pipe.send((desc, test.vpp_bin, test.tempdir, test.vpp.pid))


class VppTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
    """This subclass is a base class for VPP test cases that are implemented as
    classes. It provides methods to create and run test case.
    """

    extra_vpp_punt_config = []
    extra_vpp_plugin_config = []

    @property
    def packet_infos(self):
        """List of packet infos"""
        return self._packet_infos

    @classmethod
    def get_packet_count_for_if_idx(cls, dst_if_index):
        """Get the number of packet info for specified destination if index"""
        if dst_if_index in cls._packet_count_for_dst_if_idx:
            return cls._packet_count_for_dst_if_idx[dst_if_index]
        else:
            return 0

    @classmethod
    def instance(cls):
        """Return the instance of this testcase"""
        return cls.test_instance

    @classmethod
    def set_debug_flags(cls, d):
        cls.debug_core = False
        cls.debug_gdb = False
        cls.debug_gdbserver = False
        if d is None:
            return
        dl = d.lower()
        if dl == "core":
            cls.debug_core = True
        elif dl == "gdb":
            cls.debug_gdb = True
        elif dl == "gdbserver":
            cls.debug_gdbserver = True
        else:
            raise Exception("Unrecognized DEBUG option: '%s'" % d)

    @staticmethod
    def get_least_used_cpu():
        cpu_usage_list = [set(range(psutil.cpu_count()))]
        vpp_processes = [p for p in psutil.process_iter(attrs=['pid', 'name'])
                         if 'vpp_main' == p.info['name']]
        for vpp_process in vpp_processes:
            for cpu_usage_set in cpu_usage_list:
                try:
                    cpu_num = vpp_process.cpu_num()
                    if cpu_num in cpu_usage_set:
                        cpu_usage_set_index = cpu_usage_list.index(
                            cpu_usage_set)
                        if cpu_usage_set_index == len(cpu_usage_list) - 1:
                            cpu_usage_list.append({cpu_num})
                        else:
                            cpu_usage_list[cpu_usage_set_index + 1].add(
                                cpu_num)
                        cpu_usage_set.remove(cpu_num)
                        break
                except psutil.NoSuchProcess:
                    pass

        for cpu_usage_set in cpu_usage_list:
            if len(cpu_usage_set) > 0:
                min_usage_set = cpu_usage_set
                break

        return random.choice(tuple(min_usage_set))

    @classmethod
    def setUpConstants(cls):
        """ Set-up the test case class based on environment variables """
        s = os.getenv("STEP", "n")
        cls.step = True if s.lower() in ("y", "yes", "1") else False
        d = os.getenv("DEBUG", None)
        c = os.getenv("CACHE_OUTPUT", "1")
        cls.cache_vpp_output = False if c.lower() in ("n", "no", "0") else True
        cls.set_debug_flags(d)
        cls.vpp_bin = os.getenv('VPP_BIN', "vpp")
        cls.plugin_path = os.getenv('VPP_PLUGIN_PATH')
        cls.test_plugin_path = os.getenv('VPP_TEST_PLUGIN_PATH')
        cls.extern_plugin_path = os.getenv('EXTERN_PLUGINS')
        plugin_path = None
        if cls.plugin_path is not None:
            if cls.extern_plugin_path is not None:
                plugin_path = "%s:%s" % (
                    cls.plugin_path, cls.extern_plugin_path)
            else:
                plugin_path = cls.plugin_path
        elif cls.extern_plugin_path is not None:
            plugin_path = cls.extern_plugin_path
        debug_cli = ""
        if cls.step or cls.debug_gdb or cls.debug_gdbserver:
            debug_cli = "cli-listen localhost:5002"
        coredump_size = None
        size = os.getenv("COREDUMP_SIZE")
        if size is not None:
            coredump_size = "coredump-size %s" % size
        if coredump_size is None:
            coredump_size = "coredump-size unlimited"

        cpu_core_number = cls.get_least_used_cpu()

        cls.vpp_cmdline = [cls.vpp_bin, "unix",
                           "{", "nodaemon", debug_cli, "full-coredump",
                           coredump_size, "runtime-dir", cls.tempdir, "}",
                           "api-trace", "{", "on", "}", "api-segment", "{",
                           "prefix", cls.shm_prefix, "}", "cpu", "{",
                           "main-core", str(cpu_core_number), "}",
                           "statseg", "{", "socket-name", cls.stats_sock, "}",
                           "socksvr", "{", "socket-name", cls.api_sock, "}",
                           "plugins",
                           "{", "plugin", "dpdk_plugin.so", "{", "disable",
                           "}", "plugin", "rdma_plugin.so", "{", "disable",
                           "}", "plugin", "unittest_plugin.so", "{", "enable",
                           "}"] + cls.extra_vpp_plugin_config + ["}", ]
        if cls.extra_vpp_punt_config is not None:
            cls.vpp_cmdline.extend(cls.extra_vpp_punt_config)
        if plugin_path is not None:
            cls.vpp_cmdline.extend(["plugin_path", plugin_path])
        if cls.test_plugin_path is not None:
            cls.vpp_cmdline.extend(["test_plugin_path", cls.test_plugin_path])

        cls.logger.info("vpp_cmdline args: %s" % cls.vpp_cmdline)
        cls.logger.info("vpp_cmdline: %s" % " ".join(cls.vpp_cmdline))

    @classmethod
    def wait_for_enter(cls):
        if cls.debug_gdbserver:
            print(double_line_delim)
            print("Spawned GDB server with PID: %d" % cls.vpp.pid)
        elif cls.debug_gdb:
            print(double_line_delim)
            print("Spawned VPP with PID: %d" % cls.vpp.pid)
        else:
            cls.logger.debug("Spawned VPP with PID: %d" % cls.vpp.pid)
            return
        print(single_line_delim)
        print("You can debug the VPP using e.g.:")
        if cls.debug_gdbserver:
            print("gdb " + cls.vpp_bin + " -ex 'target remote localhost:7777'")
            print("Now is the time to attach a gdb by running the above "
                  "command, set up breakpoints etc. and then resume VPP from "
                  "within gdb by issuing the 'continue' command")
        elif cls.debug_gdb:
            print("gdb " + cls.vpp_bin + " -ex 'attach %s'" % cls.vpp.pid)
            print("Now is the time to attach a gdb by running the above "
                  "command and set up breakpoints etc.")
        print(single_line_delim)
        input("Press ENTER to continue running the testcase...")

    @classmethod
    def run_vpp(cls):
        cmdline = cls.vpp_cmdline

        if cls.debug_gdbserver:
            gdbserver = '/usr/bin/gdbserver'
            if not os.path.isfile(gdbserver) or \
                    not os.access(gdbserver, os.X_OK):
                raise Exception("gdbserver binary '%s' does not exist or is "
                                "not executable" % gdbserver)

            cmdline = [gdbserver, 'localhost:7777'] + cls.vpp_cmdline
            cls.logger.info("Gdbserver cmdline is %s", " ".join(cmdline))

        try:
            cls.vpp = subprocess.Popen(cmdline,
                                       stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                                       stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
                                       bufsize=1)
        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
            cls.logger.critical("Subprocess returned with non-0 return code: ("
                                "%s)", e.returncode)
            raise
        except OSError as e:
            cls.logger.critical("Subprocess returned with OS error: "
                                "(%s) %s", e.errno, e.strerror)
            raise
        except Exception as e:
            cls.logger.exception("Subprocess returned unexpected from "
                                 "%s:", cmdline)
            raise

        cls.wait_for_enter()

    @classmethod
    def wait_for_stats_socket(cls):
        deadline = time.time() + 3
        ok = False
        while time.time() < deadline or \
                cls.debug_gdb or cls.debug_gdbserver:
            if os.path.exists(cls.stats_sock):
                ok = True
                break
            cls.sleep(0.8)
        if not ok:
            cls.logger.critical("Couldn't stat : {}".format(cls.stats_sock))

    @classmethod
    def wait_for_coredump(cls):
        corefile = cls.tempdir + "/core"
        if os.path.isfile(corefile):
            cls.logger.error("Waiting for coredump to complete: %s", corefile)
            curr_size = os.path.getsize(corefile)
            deadline = time.time() + 60
            ok = False
            while time.time() < deadline:
                cls.sleep(1)
                size = curr_size
                curr_size = os.path.getsize(corefile)
                if size == curr_size:
                    ok = True
                    break
            if not ok:
                cls.logger.error("Timed out waiting for coredump to complete:"
                                 " %s", corefile)
            else:
                cls.logger.error("Coredump complete: %s, size %d",
                                 corefile, curr_size)

    @classmethod
    def setUpClass(cls):
        """
        Perform class setup before running the testcase
        Remove shared memory files, start vpp and connect the vpp-api
        """
        super(VppTestCase, cls).setUpClass()
        gc.collect()  # run garbage collection first
        random.seed()
        cls.logger = get_logger(cls.__name__)
        if hasattr(cls, 'parallel_handler'):
            cls.logger.addHandler(cls.parallel_handler)
            cls.logger.propagate = False

        cls.tempdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(
            prefix='vpp-unittest-%s-' % cls.__name__)
        cls.stats_sock = "%s/stats.sock" % cls.tempdir
        cls.api_sock = "%s/api.sock" % cls.tempdir
        cls.file_handler = FileHandler("%s/log.txt" % cls.tempdir)
        cls.file_handler.setFormatter(
            Formatter(fmt='%(asctime)s,%(msecs)03d %(message)s',
                      datefmt="%H:%M:%S"))
        cls.file_handler.setLevel(DEBUG)
        cls.logger.addHandler(cls.file_handler)
        cls.logger.debug("--- setUpClass() for %s called ---" %
                         cls.__name__)
        cls.shm_prefix = os.path.basename(cls.tempdir)
        os.chdir(cls.tempdir)
        cls.logger.info("Temporary dir is %s, shm prefix is %s",
                        cls.tempdir, cls.shm_prefix)
        cls.setUpConstants()
        cls.reset_packet_infos()
        cls._captures = []
        cls._zombie_captures = []
        cls.verbose = 0
        cls.vpp_dead = False
        cls.registry = VppObjectRegistry()
        cls.vpp_startup_failed = False
        cls.reporter = KeepAliveReporter()
        # need to catch exceptions here because if we raise, then the cleanup
        # doesn't get called and we might end with a zombie vpp
        try:
            cls.run_vpp()
            cls.reporter.send_keep_alive(cls, 'setUpClass')
            VppTestResult.current_test_case_info = TestCaseInfo(
                cls.logger, cls.tempdir, cls.vpp.pid, cls.vpp_bin)
            cls.vpp_stdout_deque = deque()
            cls.vpp_stderr_deque = deque()
            cls.pump_thread_stop_flag = Event()
            cls.pump_thread_wakeup_pipe = os.pipe()
            cls.pump_thread = Thread(target=pump_output, args=(cls,))
            cls.pump_thread.daemon = True
            cls.pump_thread.start()
            if cls.debug_gdb or cls.debug_gdbserver:
                read_timeout = 0
            else:
                read_timeout = 5
            cls.vapi = VppPapiProvider(cls.shm_prefix, cls.shm_prefix, cls,
                                       read_timeout)
            if cls.step:
                hook = StepHook(cls)
            else:
                hook = PollHook(cls)
            cls.vapi.register_hook(hook)
            cls.wait_for_stats_socket()
            cls.statistics = VPPStats(socketname=cls.stats_sock)
            try:
                hook.poll_vpp()
            except VppDiedError:
                cls.vpp_startup_failed = True
                cls.logger.critical(
                    "VPP died shortly after startup, check the"
                    " output to standard error for possible cause")
                raise
            try:
                cls.vapi.connect()
            except Exception:
                try:
                    cls.vapi.disconnect()
                except Exception:
                    pass
                if cls.debug_gdbserver:
                    print(colorize("You're running VPP inside gdbserver but "
                                   "VPP-API connection failed, did you forget "
                                   "to 'continue' VPP from within gdb?", RED))
                raise
        except Exception:
            try:
                cls.quit()
            except Exception:
                pass
            raise

    @classmethod
    def quit(cls):
        """
        Disconnect vpp-api, kill vpp and cleanup shared memory files
        """
        if (cls.debug_gdbserver or cls.debug_gdb) and hasattr(cls, 'vpp'):
            cls.vpp.poll()
            if cls.vpp.returncode is None:
                print(double_line_delim)
                print("VPP or GDB server is still running")
                print(single_line_delim)
                input("When done debugging, press ENTER to kill the "
                      "process and finish running the testcase...")

        # first signal that we want to stop the pump thread, then wake it up
        if hasattr(cls, 'pump_thread_stop_flag'):
            cls.pump_thread_stop_flag.set()
        if hasattr(cls, 'pump_thread_wakeup_pipe'):
            os.write(cls.pump_thread_wakeup_pipe[1], b'ding dong wake up')
        if hasattr(cls, 'pump_thread'):
            cls.logger.debug("Waiting for pump thread to stop")
            cls.pump_thread.join()
        if hasattr(cls, 'vpp_stderr_reader_thread'):
            cls.logger.debug("Waiting for stdderr pump to stop")
            cls.vpp_stderr_reader_thread.join()

        if hasattr(cls, 'vpp'):
            if hasattr(cls, 'vapi'):
                cls.logger.debug("Disconnecting class vapi client on %s",
                                 cls.__name__)
                cls.vapi.disconnect()
                cls.logger.debug("Deleting class vapi attribute on %s",
                                 cls.__name__)
                del cls.vapi
            cls.vpp.poll()
            if cls.vpp.returncode is None:
                cls.wait_for_coredump()
                cls.logger.debug("Sending TERM to vpp")
                cls.vpp.terminate()
                cls.logger.debug("Waiting for vpp to die")
                cls.vpp.communicate()
            cls.logger.debug("Deleting class vpp attribute on %s",
                             cls.__name__)
            del cls.vpp

        if cls.vpp_startup_failed:
            stdout_log = cls.logger.info
            stderr_log = cls.logger.critical
        else:
            stdout_log = cls.logger.info
            stderr_log = cls.logger.info

        if hasattr(cls, 'vpp_stdout_deque'):
            stdout_log(single_line_delim)
            stdout_log('VPP output to stdout while running %s:', cls.__name__)
            stdout_log(single_line_delim)
            vpp_output = "".join(cls.vpp_stdout_deque)
            with open(cls.tempdir + '/vpp_stdout.txt', 'w') as f:
                f.write(vpp_output)
            stdout_log('\n%s', vpp_output)
            stdout_log(single_line_delim)

        if hasattr(cls, 'vpp_stderr_deque'):
            stderr_log(single_line_delim)
            stderr_log('VPP output to stderr while running %s:', cls.__name__)
            stderr_log(single_line_delim)
            vpp_output = "".join(cls.vpp_stderr_deque)
            with open(cls.tempdir + '/vpp_stderr.txt', 'w') as f:
                f.write(vpp_output)
            stderr_log('\n%s', vpp_output)
            stderr_log(single_line_delim)

    @classmethod
    def tearDownClass(cls):
        """ Perform final cleanup after running all tests in this test-case """
        cls.logger.debug("--- tearDownClass() for %s called ---" %
                         cls.__name__)
        cls.reporter.send_keep_alive(cls, 'tearDownClass')
        cls.quit()
        cls.file_handler.close()
        cls.reset_packet_infos()
        if debug_framework:
            debug_internal.on_tear_down_class(cls)

    def show_commands_at_teardown(self):
        """ Allow subclass specific teardown logging additions."""
        self.logger.info("--- No test specific show commands provided. ---")

    def tearDown(self):
        """ Show various debug prints after each test """
        self.logger.debug("--- tearDown() for %s.%s(%s) called ---" %
                          (self.__class__.__name__, self._testMethodName,
                           self._testMethodDoc))
        if not self.vpp_dead:
            self.logger.info(
                "--- Logging show commands common to all testcases. ---")
            self.logger.debug(self.vapi.cli("show trace max 1000"))
            self.logger.info(self.vapi.ppcli("show interface"))
            self.logger.info(self.vapi.ppcli("show hardware"))
            self.logger.info(self.statistics.set_errors_str())
            self.logger.info(self.vapi.ppcli("show run"))
            self.logger.info(self.vapi.ppcli("show log"))
            self.logger.info("Logging testcase specific show commands.")
            self.show_commands_at_teardown()
            self.registry.remove_vpp_config(self.logger)
            # Save/Dump VPP api trace log
            api_trace = "vpp_api_trace.%s.log" % self._testMethodName
            tmp_api_trace = "/tmp/%s" % api_trace
            vpp_api_trace_log = "%s/%s" % (self.tempdir, api_trace)
            self.logger.info(self.vapi.ppcli("api trace save %s" % api_trace))
            self.logger.info("Moving %s to %s\n" % (tmp_api_trace,
                                                    vpp_api_trace_log))
            os.rename(tmp_api_trace, vpp_api_trace_log)
            self.logger.info(self.vapi.ppcli("api trace custom-dump %s" %
                                             vpp_api_trace_log))
        else:
            self.registry.unregister_all(self.logger)

    def setUp(self):
        """ Clear trace before running each test"""
        super(VppTestCase, self).setUp()
        self.reporter.send_keep_alive(self)
        if self.vpp_dead:
            raise Exception("VPP is dead when setting up the test")
        self.sleep(.1, "during setUp")
        self.vpp_stdout_deque.append(
            "--- test setUp() for %s.%s(%s) starts here ---\n" %
            (self.__class__.__name__, self._testMethodName,
             self._testMethodDoc))
        self.vpp_stderr_deque.append(
            "--- test setUp() for %s.%s(%s) starts here ---\n" %
            (self.__class__.__name__, self._testMethodName,
             self._testMethodDoc))
        self.vapi.cli("clear trace")
        # store the test instance inside the test class - so that objects
        # holding the class can access instance methods (like assertEqual)
        type(self).test_instance = self

    @classmethod
    def pg_enable_capture(cls, interfaces=None):
        """
        Enable capture on packet-generator interfaces

        :param interfaces: iterable interface indexes (if None,
                           use self.pg_interfaces)

        """
        if interfaces is None:
            interfaces = cls.pg_interfaces
        for i in interfaces:
            i.enable_capture()

    @classmethod
    def register_capture(cls, cap_name):
        """ Register a capture in the testclass """
        # add to the list of captures with current timestamp
        cls._captures.append((time.time(), cap_name))
        # filter out from zombies
        cls._zombie_captures = [(stamp, name)
                                for (stamp, name) in cls._zombie_captures
                                if name != cap_name]

    @classmethod
    def pg_start(cls):
        """ Remove any zombie captures and enable the packet generator """
        # how long before capture is allowed to be deleted - otherwise vpp
        # crashes - 100ms seems enough (this shouldn't be needed at all)
        capture_ttl = 0.1
        now = time.time()
        for stamp, cap_name in cls._zombie_captures:
            wait = stamp + capture_ttl - now
            if wait > 0:
                cls.sleep(wait, "before deleting capture %s" % cap_name)
                now = time.time()
            cls.logger.debug("Removing zombie capture %s" % cap_name)
            cls.vapi.cli('packet-generator delete %s' % cap_name)

        cls.vapi.cli("trace add pg-input 1000")
        cls.vapi.cli('packet-generator enable')
        cls._zombie_captures = cls._captures
        cls._captures = []

    @classmethod
    def create_pg_interfaces(cls, interfaces):
        """
        Create packet-generator interfaces.

        :param interfaces: iterable indexes of the interfaces.
        :returns: List of created interfaces.

        """
        result = []
        for i in interfaces:
            intf = VppPGInterface(cls, i)
            setattr(cls, intf.name, intf)
            result.append(intf)
        cls.pg_interfaces = result
        return result

    @classmethod
    def create_loopback_interfaces(cls, count):
        """
        Create loopback interfaces.

        :param count: number of interfaces created.
        :returns: List of created interfaces.
        """
        result = [VppLoInterface(cls) for i in range(count)]
        for intf in result:
            setattr(cls, intf.name, intf)
        cls.lo_interfaces = result
        return result

    @classmethod
    def create_bvi_interfaces(cls, count):
        """
        Create BVI interfaces.

        :param count: number of interfaces created.
        :returns: List of created interfaces.
        """
        result = [VppBviInterface(cls) for i in range(count)]
        for intf in result:
            setattr(cls, intf.name, intf)
        cls.bvi_interfaces = result
        return result

    @staticmethod
    def extend_packet(packet, size, padding=' '):
        """
        Extend packet to given size by padding with spaces or custom padding
        NOTE: Currently works only when Raw layer is present.

        :param packet: packet
        :param size: target size
        :param padding: padding used to extend the payload

        """
        packet_len = len(packet) + 4
        extend = size - packet_len
        if extend > 0:
            num = (extend // len(padding)) + 1
            packet[Raw].load += (padding * num)[:extend].encode("ascii")

    @classmethod
    def reset_packet_infos(cls):
        """ Reset the list of packet info objects and packet counts to zero """
        cls._packet_infos = {}
        cls._packet_count_for_dst_if_idx = {}

    @classmethod
    def create_packet_info(cls, src_if, dst_if):
        """
        Create packet info object containing the source and destination indexes
        and add it to the testcase's packet info list

        :param VppInterface src_if: source interface
        :param VppInterface dst_if: destination interface

        :returns: _PacketInfo object

        """
        info = _PacketInfo()
        info.index = len(cls._packet_infos)
        info.src = src_if.sw_if_index
        info.dst = dst_if.sw_if_index
        if isinstance(dst_if, VppSubInterface):
            dst_idx = dst_if.parent.sw_if_index
        else:
            dst_idx = dst_if.sw_if_index
        if dst_idx in cls._packet_count_for_dst_if_idx:
            cls._packet_count_for_dst_if_idx[dst_idx] += 1
        else:
            cls._packet_count_for_dst_if_idx[dst_idx] = 1
        cls._packet_infos[info.index] = info
        return info

    @staticmethod
    def info_to_payload(info):
        """
        Convert _PacketInfo object to packet payload

        :param info: _PacketInfo object

        :returns: string containing serialized data from packet info
        """
        return "%d %d %d %d %d" % (info.index, info.src, info.dst,
                                   info.ip, info.proto)

    @staticmethod
    def payload_to_info(payload, payload_field='load'):
        """
        Convert packet payload to _PacketInfo object

        :param payload: packet payload
        :type payload:  <class 'scapy.packet.Raw'>
        :param payload_field: packet fieldname of payload "load" for
                <class 'scapy.packet.Raw'>
        :type payload_field: str
        :returns: _PacketInfo object containing de-serialized data from payload

        """
        numbers = getattr(payload, payload_field).split()
        info = _PacketInfo()
        info.index = int(numbers[0])
        info.src = int(numbers[1])
        info.dst = int(numbers[2])
        info.ip = int(numbers[3])
        info.proto = int(numbers[4])
        return info

    def get_next_packet_info(self, info):
        """
        Iterate over the packet info list stored in the testcase
        Start iteration with first element if info is None
        Continue based on index in info if info is specified

        :param info: info or None
        :returns: next info in list or None if no more infos
        """
        if info is None:
            next_index = 0
        else:
            next_index = info.index + 1
        if next_index == len(self._packet_infos):
            return None
        else:
            return self._packet_infos[next_index]

    def get_next_packet_info_for_interface(self, src_index, info):
        """
        Search the packet info list for the next packet info with same source
        interface index

        :param src_index: source interface index to search for
        :param info: packet info - where to start the search
        :returns: packet info or None

        """
        while True:
            info = self.get_next_packet_info(info)
            if info is None:
                return None
            if info.src == src_index:
                return info

    def get_next_packet_info_for_interface2(self, src_index, dst_index, info):
        """
        Search the packet info list for the next packet info with same source
        and destination interface indexes

        :param src_index: source interface index to search for
        :param dst_index: destination interface index to search for
        :param info: packet info - where to start the search
        :returns: packet info or None

        """
        while True:
            info = self.get_next_packet_info_for_interface(src_index, info)
            if info is None:
                return None
            if info.dst == dst_index:
                return info

    def assert_equal(self, real_value, expected_value, name_or_class=None):
        if name_or_class is None:
            self.assertEqual(real_value, expected_value)
            return
        try:
            msg = "Invalid %s: %d('%s') does not match expected value %d('%s')"
            msg = msg % (getdoc(name_or_class).strip(),
                         real_value, str(name_or_class(real_value)),
                         expected_value, str(name_or_class(expected_value)))
        except Exception:
            msg = "Invalid %s: %s does not match expected value %s" % (
                name_or_class, real_value, expected_value)

        self.assertEqual(real_value, expected_value, msg)

    def assert_in_range(self,
                        real_value,
                        expected_min,
                        expected_max,
                        name=None):
        if name is None:
            msg = None
        else:
            msg = "Invalid %s: %s out of range <%s,%s>" % (
                name, real_value, expected_min, expected_max)
        self.assertTrue(expected_min <= real_value <= expected_max, msg)

    def assert_packet_checksums_valid(self, packet,
                                      ignore_zero_udp_checksums=True):
        received = packet.__class__(scapy.compat.raw(packet))
        self.logger.debug(
            ppp("Verifying packet checksums for packet:", received))
        udp_layers = ['UDP', 'UDPerror']
        checksum_fields = ['cksum', 'chksum']
        checksums = []
        counter = 0
        temp = received.__class__(scapy.compat.raw(received))
        while True:
            layer = temp.getlayer(counter)
            if layer:
                for cf in checksum_fields:
                    if hasattr(layer, cf):
                        if ignore_zero_udp_checksums and \
                                0 == getattr(layer, cf) and \
                                layer.name in udp_layers:
                            continue
                        delattr(layer, cf)
                        checksums.append((counter, cf))
            else:
                break
            counter = counter + 1
        if 0 == len(checksums):
            return
        temp = temp.__class__(scapy.compat.raw(temp))
        for layer, cf in checksums:
            calc_sum = getattr(temp[layer], cf)
            self.assert_equal(
                getattr(received[layer], cf), calc_sum,
                "packet checksum on layer #%d: %s" % (layer, temp[layer].name))
            self.logger.debug(
                "Checksum field `%s` on `%s` layer has correct value `%s`" %
                (cf, temp[layer].name, calc_sum))

    def assert_checksum_valid(self, received_packet, layer,
                              field_name='chksum',
                              ignore_zero_checksum=False):
        """ Check checksum of received packet on given layer """
        received_packet_checksum = getattr(received_packet[layer], field_name)
        if ignore_zero_checksum and 0 == received_packet_checksum:
            return
        recalculated = received_packet.__class__(
            scapy.compat.raw(received_packet))
        delattr(recalculated[layer], field_name)
        recalculated = recalculated.__class__(scapy.compat.raw(recalculated))
        self.assert_equal(received_packet_checksum,
                          getattr(recalculated[layer], field_name),
                          "packet checksum on layer: %s" % layer)

    def assert_ip_checksum_valid(self, received_packet,
                                 ignore_zero_checksum=False):
        self.assert_checksum_valid(received_packet, 'IP',
                                   ignore_zero_checksum=ignore_zero_checksum)

    def assert_tcp_checksum_valid(self, received_packet,
                                  ignore_zero_checksum=False):
        self.assert_checksum_valid(received_packet, 'TCP',
                                   ignore_zero_checksum=ignore_zero_checksum)

    def assert_udp_checksum_valid(self, received_packet,
                                  ignore_zero_checksum=True):
        self.assert_checksum_valid(received_packet, 'UDP',
                                   ignore_zero_checksum=ignore_zero_checksum)

    def assert_embedded_icmp_checksum_valid(self, received_packet):
        if received_packet.haslayer(IPerror):
            self.assert_checksum_valid(received_packet, 'IPerror')
        if received_packet.haslayer(TCPerror):
            self.assert_checksum_valid(received_packet, 'TCPerror')
        if received_packet.haslayer(UDPerror):
            self.assert_checksum_valid(received_packet, 'UDPerror',
                                       ignore_zero_checksum=True)
        if received_packet.haslayer(ICMPerror):
            self.assert_checksum_valid(received_packet, 'ICMPerror')

    def assert_icmp_checksum_valid(self, received_packet):
        self.assert_checksum_valid(received_packet, 'ICMP')
        self.assert_embedded_icmp_checksum_valid(received_packet)

    def assert_icmpv6_checksum_valid(self, pkt):
        if pkt.haslayer(ICMPv6DestUnreach):
            self.assert_checksum_valid(pkt, 'ICMPv6DestUnreach', 'cksum')
            self.assert_embedded_icmp_checksum_valid(pkt)
        if pkt.haslayer(ICMPv6EchoRequest):
            self.assert_checksum_valid(pkt, 'ICMPv6EchoRequest', 'cksum')
        if pkt.haslayer(ICMPv6EchoReply):
            self.assert_checksum_valid(pkt, 'ICMPv6EchoReply', 'cksum')

    def get_packet_counter(self, counter):
        if counter.startswith("/"):
            counter_value = self.statistics.get_counter(counter)
        else:
            counters = self.vapi.cli("sh errors").split('\n')
            counter_value = 0
            for i in range(1, len(counters) - 1):
                results = counters[i].split()
                if results[1] == counter:
                    counter_value = int(results[0])
                    break
        return counter_value

    def assert_packet_counter_equal(self, counter, expected_value):
        counter_value = self.get_packet_counter(counter)
        self.assert_equal(counter_value, expected_value,
                          "packet counter `%s'" % counter)

    def assert_error_counter_equal(self, counter, expected_value):
        counter_value = self.statistics.get_err_counter(counter)
        self.assert_equal(counter_value, expected_value,
                          "error counter `%s'" % counter)

    @classmethod
    def sleep(cls, timeout, remark=None):

        # /* Allow sleep(0) to maintain win32 semantics, and as decreed
        #  * by Guido, only the main thread can be interrupted.
        # */
        # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/6673decfa0fb078f60587f5cb5e98460eea137c2/Modules/timemodule.c#L1892  # noqa
        if timeout == 0:
            # yield quantum
            if hasattr(os, 'sched_yield'):
                os.sched_yield()
            else:
                time.sleep(0)
            return

        if hasattr(cls, 'logger'):
            cls.logger.debug("Starting sleep for %es (%s)", timeout, remark)
        before = time.time()
        time.sleep(timeout)
        after = time.time()
        if hasattr(cls, 'logger') and after - before > 2 * timeout:
            cls.logger.error("unexpected self.sleep() result - "
                             "slept for %es instead of ~%es!",
                             after - before, timeout)
        if hasattr(cls, 'logger'):
            cls.logger.debug(
                "Finished sleep (%s) - slept %es (wanted %es)",
                remark, after - before, timeout)

    def pg_send(self, intf, pkts):
        self.vapi.cli("clear trace")
        intf.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()

    def send_and_assert_no_replies(self, intf, pkts, remark="", timeout=None):
        self.pg_send(intf, pkts)
        if not timeout:
            timeout = 1
        for i in self.pg_interfaces:
            i.get_capture(0, timeout=timeout)
            i.assert_nothing_captured(remark=remark)
            timeout = 0.1

    def send_and_expect(self, intf, pkts, output, n_rx=None):
        if not n_rx:
            n_rx = len(pkts)
        self.pg_send(intf, pkts)
        rx = output.get_capture(n_rx)
        return rx

    def send_and_expect_only(self, intf, pkts, output, timeout=None):
        self.pg_send(intf, pkts)
        rx = output.get_capture(len(pkts))
        outputs = [output]
        if not timeout:
            timeout = 1
        for i in self.pg_interfaces:
            if i not in outputs:
                i.get_capture(0, timeout=timeout)
                i.assert_nothing_captured()
                timeout = 0.1

        return rx

    def runTest(self):
        """ unittest calls runTest when TestCase is instantiated without a
        test case.  Use case: Writing unittests against VppTestCase"""
        pass


def get_testcase_doc_name(test):
    return getdoc(test.__class__).splitlines()[0]


def get_test_description(descriptions, test):
    short_description = test.shortDescription()
    if descriptions and short_description:
        return short_description
    else:
        return str(test)


class TestCaseInfo(object):
    def __init__(self, logger, tempdir, vpp_pid, vpp_bin_path):
        self.logger = logger
        self.tempdir = tempdir
        self.vpp_pid = vpp_pid
        self.vpp_bin_path = vpp_bin_path
        self.core_crash_test = None


class VppTestResult(unittest.TestResult):
    """
    @property result_string
     String variable to store the test case result string.
    @property errors
     List variable containing 2-tuples of TestCase instances and strings
     holding formatted tracebacks. Each tuple represents a test which
     raised an unexpected exception.
    @property failures
     List variable containing 2-tuples of TestCase instances and strings
     holding formatted tracebacks. Each tuple represents a test where
     a failure was explicitly signalled using the TestCase.assert*()
     methods.
    """

    failed_test_cases_info = set()
    core_crash_test_cases_info = set()
    current_test_case_info = None

    def __init__(self, stream=None, descriptions=None, verbosity=None,
                 runner=None):
        """
        :param stream File descriptor to store where to report test results.
            Set to the standard error stream by default.
        :param descriptions Boolean variable to store information if to use
            test case descriptions.
        :param verbosity Integer variable to store required verbosity level.
        """
        super(VppTestResult, self).__init__(stream, descriptions, verbosity)
        self.stream = stream
        self.descriptions = descriptions
        self.verbosity = verbosity
        self.result_string = None
        self.runner = runner

    def addSuccess(self, test):
        """
        Record a test succeeded result

        :param test:

        """
        if self.current_test_case_info:
            self.current_test_case_info.logger.debug(
                "--- addSuccess() %s.%s(%s) called" % (test.__class__.__name__,
                                                       test._testMethodName,
                                                       test._testMethodDoc))
        unittest.TestResult.addSuccess(self, test)
        self.result_string = colorize("OK", GREEN)

        self.send_result_through_pipe(test, PASS)

    def addSkip(self, test, reason):
        """
        Record a test skipped.

        :param test:
        :param reason:

        """
        if self.current_test_case_info:
            self.current_test_case_info.logger.debug(
                "--- addSkip() %s.%s(%s) called, reason is %s" %
                (test.__class__.__name__, test._testMethodName,
                 test._testMethodDoc, reason))
        unittest.TestResult.addSkip(self, test, reason)
        self.result_string = colorize("SKIP", YELLOW)

        self.send_result_through_pipe(test, SKIP)

    def symlink_failed(self):
        if self.current_test_case_info:
            try:
                failed_dir = os.getenv('FAILED_DIR')
                link_path = os.path.join(
                    failed_dir,
                    '%s-FAILED' %
                    os.path.basename(self.current_test_case_info.tempdir))
                if self.current_test_case_info.logger:
                    self.current_test_case_info.logger.debug(
                        "creating a link to the failed test")
                    self.current_test_case_info.logger.debug(
                        "os.symlink(%s, %s)" %
                        (self.current_test_case_info.tempdir, link_path))
                if os.path.exists(link_path):
                    if self.current_test_case_info.logger:
                        self.current_test_case_info.logger.debug(
                            'symlink already exists')
                else:
                    os.symlink(self.current_test_case_info.tempdir, link_path)

            except Exception as e:
                if self.current_test_case_info.logger:
                    self.current_test_case_info.logger.error(e)

    def send_result_through_pipe(self, test, result):
        if hasattr(self, 'test_framework_result_pipe'):
            pipe = self.test_framework_result_pipe
            if pipe:
                pipe.send((test.id(), result))

    def log_error(self, test, err, fn_name):
        if self.current_test_case_info:
            if isinstance(test, unittest.suite._ErrorHolder):
                test_name = test.description
            else:
                test_name = '%s.%s(%s)' % (test.__class__.__name__,
                                           test._testMethodName,
                                           test._testMethodDoc)
            self.current_test_case_info.logger.debug(
                "--- %s() %s called, err is %s" %
                (fn_name, test_name, err))
            self.current_test_case_info.logger.debug(
                "formatted exception is:\n%s" %
                "".join(format_exception(*err)))

    def add_error(self, test, err, unittest_fn, error_type):
        if error_type == FAIL:
            self.log_error(test, err, 'addFailure')
            error_type_str = colorize("FAIL", RED)
        elif error_type == ERROR:
            self.log_error(test, err, 'addError')
            error_type_str = colorize("ERROR", RED)
        else:
            raise Exception('Error type %s cannot be used to record an '
                            'error or a failure' % error_type)

        unittest_fn(self, test, err)
        if self.current_test_case_info:
            self.result_string = "%s [ temp dir used by test case: %s ]" % \
                                 (error_type_str,
                                  self.current_test_case_info.tempdir)
            self.symlink_failed()
            self.failed_test_cases_info.add(self.current_test_case_info)
            if is_core_present(self.current_test_case_info.tempdir):
                if not self.current_test_case_info.core_crash_test:
                    if isinstance(test, unittest.suite._ErrorHolder):
                        test_name = str(test)
                    else:
                        test_name = "'{!s}' ({!s})".format(
                            get_testcase_doc_name(test), test.id())
                    self.current_test_case_info.core_crash_test = test_name
                self.core_crash_test_cases_info.add(
                    self.current_test_case_info)
        else:
            self.result_string = '%s [no temp dir]' % error_type_str

        self.send_result_through_pipe(test, error_type)

    def addFailure(self, test, err):
        """
        Record a test failed result

        :param test:
        :param err: error message

        """
        self.add_error(test, err, unittest.TestResult.addFailure, FAIL)

    def addError(self, test, err):
        """
        Record a test error result

        :param test:
        :param err: error message

        """
        self.add_error(test, err, unittest.TestResult.addError, ERROR)

    def getDescription(self, test):
        """
        Get test description

        :param test:
        :returns: test description

        """
        return get_test_description(self.descriptions, test)

    def startTest(self, test):
        """
        Start a test

        :param test:

        """

        def print_header(test):
            if not hasattr(test.__class__, '_header_printed'):
                print(double_line_delim)
                print(colorize(getdoc(test).splitlines()[0], GREEN))
                print(double_line_delim)
            test.__class__._header_printed = True

        print_header(test)

        unittest.TestResult.startTest(self, test)
        if self.verbosity > 0:
            self.stream.writeln(
                "Starting " + self.getDescription(test) + " ...")
            self.stream.writeln(single_line_delim)

    def stopTest(self, test):
        """
        Called when the given test has been run

        :param test:

        """
        unittest.TestResult.stopTest(self, test)
        if self.verbosity > 0:
            self.stream.writeln(single_line_delim)
            self.stream.writeln("%-73s%s" % (self.getDescription(test),
                                             self.result_string))
            self.stream.writeln(single_line_delim)
        else:
            self.stream.writeln("%-73s%s" % (self.getDescription(test),
                                             self.result_string))

        self.send_result_through_pipe(test, TEST_RUN)

    def printErrors(self):
        """
        Print errors from running the test case
        """
        if len(self.errors) > 0 or len(self.failures) > 0:
            self.stream.writeln()
            self.printErrorList('ERROR', self.errors)
            self.printErrorList('FAIL', self.failures)

        # ^^ that is the last output from unittest before summary
        if not self.runner.print_summary:
            devnull = unittest.runner._WritelnDecorator(open(os.devnull, 'w'))
            self.stream = devnull
            self.runner.stream = devnull

    def printErrorList(self, flavour, errors):
        """
        Print error list to the output stream together with error type
        and test case description.

        :param flavour: error type
        :param errors: iterable errors

        """
        for test, err in errors:
            self.stream.writeln(double_line_delim)
            self.stream.writeln("%s: %s" %
                                (flavour, self.getDescription(test)))
            self.stream.writeln(single_line_delim)
            self.stream.writeln("%s" % err)


class VppTestRunner(unittest.TextTestRunner):
    """
    A basic test runner implementation which prints results to standard error.
    """

    @property
    def resultclass(self):
        """Class maintaining the results of the tests"""
        return VppTestResult

    def __init__(self, keep_alive_pipe=None, descriptions=True, verbosity=1,
                 result_pipe=None, failfast=False, buffer=False,
                 resultclass=None, print_summary=True, **kwargs):
        # ignore stream setting here, use hard-coded stdout to be in sync
        # with prints from VppTestCase methods ...
        super(VppTestRunner, self).__init__(sys.stdout, descriptions,
                                            verbosity, failfast, buffer,
                                            resultclass, **kwargs)
        KeepAliveReporter.pipe = keep_alive_pipe

        self.orig_stream = self.stream
        self.resultclass.test_framework_result_pipe = result_pipe

        self.print_summary = print_summary

    def _makeResult(self):
        return self.resultclass(self.stream,
                                self.descriptions,
                                self.verbosity,
                                self)

    def run(self, test):
        """
        Run the tests

        :param test:

        """
        faulthandler.enable()  # emit stack trace to stderr if killed by signal

        result = super(VppTestRunner, self).run(test)
        if not self.print_summary:
            self.stream = self.orig_stream
            result.stream = self.orig_stream
        return result


class Worker(Thread):
    def __init__(self, args, logger, env={}):
        self.logger = logger
        self.args = args
        self.result = None
        self.env = copy.deepcopy(env)
        super(Worker, self).__init__()

    def run(self):
        executable = self.args[0]
        self.logger.debug("Running executable w/args `%s'" % self.args)
        env = os.environ.copy()
        env.update(self.env)
        env["CK_LOG_FILE_NAME"] = "-"
        self.process = subprocess.Popen(
            self.args, shell=False, env=env, preexec_fn=os.setpgrp,
            stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
        out, err = self.process.communicate()
        self.logger.debug("Finished running `%s'" % executable)
        self.logger.info("Return code is `%s'" % self.process.returncode)
        self.logger.info(single_line_delim)
        self.logger.info("Executable `%s' wrote to stdout:" % executable)
        self.logger.info(single_line_delim)
        self.logger.info(out)
        self.logger.info(single_line_delim)
        self.logger.info("Executable `%s' wrote to stderr:" % executable)
        self.logger.info(single_line_delim)
        self.logger.info(err)
        self.logger.info(single_line_delim)
        self.result = self.process.returncode


if __name__ == '__main__':
    pass